Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts Radioactive Toxic and Hazardous Wastes 1st Edition by Ian Donald 144431937X 9781444319378

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ISBN 10: 144431937X
ISBN 13: 9781444319378
Author: Ian W. Donald

The safe storage in glass-based materials of both radioactive and non-radioactive hazardous wastes is covered in a single book, making it unique Provides a comprehensive and timely reference source at this critical time in waste management, including an extensive and up-to-date bibliography in all areas outlined to waste conversion and related technologies, both radioactive and non-radioactive Brings together all aspects of waste vitrification, draws comparisons between the different types of wastes and treatments, and outlines where lessons learnt in the radioactive waste field can be of benefit in the treatment of non-radioactive wastes

Waste Immobilization in Glass and Ceramic Based Hosts Table of contents

1. Introduction

1.1 Categories of Waste and Waste Generation in the Modern World
1.1.1 Radioactive Wastes from Nuclear Power and Defence Operations
1.1.2 Toxic and Hazardous Wastes
1.1.3 Other Sources of Waste Material

1.2 General Disposal Options
1.3 Radiation Issues
1.4 Waste Disposal and the Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors
1.5 Nuclear Accidents and the Lessons Learnt

2. Materials Toxicity and Biological Effects

2.1 Metals
2.1.1 Beryllium, Barium and Radium
2.1.2 Vanadium
2.1.3 Chromium, Molybdenum and Tungsten
2.1.4 Manganese, Technetium and Rhenium
2.1.5 Platinum-Group Metals
2.1.6 Nickel
2.1.7 Copper, Silver and Gold
2.1.8 Zinc, Cadmium and Mercury
2.1.9 Aluminium and Thallium
2.1.10 Tin and Lead
2.1.11 Arsenic, Antimony and Bismuth
2.1.12 Selenium, Tellurium and Polonium
2.1.13 Thorium, Uranium, Neptunium, Plutonium and Americium

2.2 Compounds
2.3 Asbestos

3. Glass and Ceramic Based Systems and General Processing Methods

3.1 Glass Formation
3.1.1 Glass-Forming Ability
3.1.2 Thermal Stability

3.2 Types of Glass
3.2.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glasses
3.2.2 Phosphate Glasses
3.2.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses
3.2.4 Alternative Glasses

3.3 Ceramics
3.4 Glass-Ceramics
3.5 Glass and Ceramic Based Composite Systems

3.6 Processing of Glass and Ceramic Materials
3.6.1 Melting and Vitrification
3.6.2 Powder Processing and Sintering
3.6.3 Hot Pressing
3.6.4 Sol-Gel Processing
3.6.5 Self-Propagating High Temperature Synthesis
3.6.6 Microwave Processing

4. Materials Characterization

4.1 Chemical Analysis
4.2 Thermal Analysis

4.3 Structural Analysis
4.3.1 Optical and Electron Microscopy
4.3.2 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy
4.3.3 X-ray and Neutron Diffraction
4.3.4 Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy
4.3.5 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
4.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

4.4 Mechanical Properties
4.4.1 Fracture Mechanics
4.4.2 Flexural Strength of Materials
4.4.3 Lifetime Behaviour

4.5 Chemical Durability and Standardized Tests
4.6 Radiation Stability
4.7 Other Properties Relevant to Wasteforms
4.8 Use of Nonradioactive Surrogates

5. Radioactive Wastes

5.1 Sources and Waste Stream Compositions
5.1.1 Nuclear Reactor Spent Fuel Wastes
5.1.2 Defence Wastes
5.1.3 Surplus Materials
5.1.4 Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Waste

5.2 General Immobilization Options

6. Immobilization by Vitrification

6.1 Vitrification History and the Advancement of Melter Design
6.1.1 Pot Processes
6.1.2 Continuous Melting by Induction Furnace
6.1.3 Joule-Heated Ceramic Melters
6.1.4 Cold Crucible Induction Melters
6.1.5 Plasma Arc/Torch Melters
6.1.6 Microwave Processing
6.1.7 In situ Melting
6.1.8 Bulk Vitrification
6.1.9 Alternative Melting Techniques
6.1.10 Vitrification Incidents and the Lessons that have been Learnt

6.2 Difficult Waste Constituents
6.2.1 Molybdenum and Caesium
6.2.2 Platinum Group Metals
6.2.3 Technetium
6.2.4 Chromium, Nickel and Iron
6.2.5 Halides
6.2.6 Sulphates
6.2.7 Phosphates

6.3 Effect of Specific Batch Additives on Melting Performance

6.4 Types of Glass and Candidate Glass Requirements
6.4.1 Silicate and Borosilicate Glass
6.4.2 Phosphate Glasses
6.4.3 Rare Earth Oxide Glasses
6.4.4 Alternative Glasses

6.5 Glass-Forming Ability

6.6 Alternative Methods for Producing Glassy Wasteforms
6.6.1 Sintered and Porous Glass
6.6.2 Hot-Pressed Glass
6.6.3 Microwave Sintering
6.6.4 Self-Sustaining Vitrification
6.6.5 Plasma Torch Incineration and Vitrification

7. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Ceramic Wasteform

7.1 Titanate and Zirconate Ceramics
7.2 Phosphate Ceramics
7.3 Aluminosilicate Ceramics
7.4 Alternative Ceramics
7.5 Cement Based Systems

8. Immobilization of Radioactive Materials as a Glass-Ceramic Wasteform

8.1 Barium Aluminosilicate Glass-Ceramics
8.2 Barium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics
8.3 Calcium Magnesium Silicate Glass-Ceramics
8.4 Calcium Titanium Silicate Glass-Ceramics
8.5 Basaltic Glass-Ceramics
8.6 Zirconolite Based Glass-Ceramics
8.7 Alternative Silicate Based Glass-Ceramics
8.8 Phosphate Based Glass-Ceramics

9. Novel Hosts for the Immobilization of Special or Unusual Categories of Radioactive Wastes

9.1 Silicate Glasses
9.2 Phosphate Glasses
9.3 Alternative Vitrification Routes
9.4 Ceramic-Based Hosts
9.5 Glass-Encapsulated Composite and Hybrid Systems
9.6 Oxynitride Glasses
9.7 Plutonium Disposition

10. Properties of Radioactive Wasteforms

10.1 Thermal Stability

10.2 Chemical Durability
10.2.1 General Principles of Glass Durability
10.2.2 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Water
10.2.3 Durability of Silicate Based Glasses in Groundwaters and Repository Environments
10.2.4 Durability of Phosphate Based Glasses
10.2.5 Lessons to be Learnt from Archaeological Glasses
10.2.6 Ceramic Durability
10.2.7 Glass-Ceramic Durability
10.2.8 Durability of Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Wasteforms
10.2.9 Influence of Colloids

10.3 Radiation Stability
10.3.1 Glass Stability
10.3.2 Ceramic Stability
10.3.3 Glass-Encapsulated Ceramic Hybrid Stability

10.4 Natural Analogues
10.5 Mechanical Properties
10.6 Alternative Properties

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