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Voluntary Environmental Agreements Process Practice and Future Use 1st Edition by Patrick Ten Brink ISBN 1909493252 9781909493254

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Author(s): Patrick ten Brink
ISBN(s): 9781909493254, 1909493252
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.46 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
SKU: EB-51346832 Category: Tag:

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ISBN 10: 1909493252
ISBN 13: 9781909493254
Author: Patrick Ten Brink

Voluntary environmental agreements (VEAs) – generally agreements between government and business – have been regarded by many as a key new instrument for meeting environmental objectives in a flexible manner. Their performance to date has, however, also led to considerable criticism, with several parties arguing that they are methods for avoiding real action that goes beyond “business-as-usual”. Is either of these positions justified? The aim of this book is to highlight and learn the lessons from existing experience, looking not just at results but also at specific elements of agreements and also at the process of the agreement itself. Lessons are drawn from experience from across the world, covering the full range of environmental challenges, and from the perspective of key stakeholder groups. Importantly, the book also presents tools for assessing and improving existing agreements and includes recommendations and guidelines for future agreements in key areas such as climate change. It also deals at length with the problem of how such agreements might be used in developing and transitional economies. The overall view of the book is that there is a real potential for the future use of VEAs as part of the policy mix and as a tool for sharing the responsibility for meeting environmental objectives. For the agreements to play this role, however, significant steps are needed to ensure that they are effective, efficient, equitable and appropriately linked to a portfolio of other instruments. The book is divided into four sections. First, existing agreements, their development and efficacy are considered; second, the prospects for voluntary agreements in developing and transitional economies are discussed; third, a range of authors examine the role of VEAs as part of the policy mix to combat climate change; and, finally, the book concludes with an examination of how new tools for evaluating and improving VEAs could be utilized in the future. Voluntary Environmental Agreements will be of interest not only to academics, governments and businesses wishing to understand this specific instrument, but also to those already implementing or considering applying VEAs to meet their environmental objectives.

Voluntary Environmental Agreements Process Practice and Future Use 1st Table of contents:

Part A: Voluntary Environmental Initiatives and Sustainable Industry

1. Voluntary Environmental Initiatives and Sustainable Industry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Evaluating voluntary initiatives
 - 1.2.1 Environmental effectiveness
 - 1.2.2 Economic efficiency
 - 1.2.3 Equity
 - 1.2.4 Transparency and openness
 - 1.2.5 Effect on firm behaviour
1.3 Conclusions
1.4 Recommendations
 - 1.4.1 Environmental effectiveness
 - 1.4.2 Efficiency
 - 1.4.3 Equity
 - 1.4.4 Transparency and openness
 - 1.4.5 Effect on firm behaviour

2. Corporate Incentives for Participation in Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Electric utility companies and the Climate Challenge Program
2.1 Company incentives for VEA participation
 - 2.1.1 Direct incentives
 - 2.1.2 Economic savings
 - 2.1.3 Strategic marketing
 - 2.1.4 Organisational culture
 - 2.1.5 Public recognition
2.2 The Climate Challenge Program
2.3 Electric utility incentives for participation in the Climate Challenge Program
 - 2.3.1 Direct incentives
 - 2.3.2 Economic savings
 - 2.3.3 Organisational culture
 - 2.3.4 Public recognition
 - 2.3.5 Summary
2.4 Conclusion

3. Co-operative Environmental Solutions: Acquiring Competence for Multi-Stakeholder Partnerships
3.1 Shifting environmental protection paradigms
3.2 Project XL in principle
3.3 Project XL in practice
3.4 Stakeholder participation in XL
3.5 A survey of stakeholder effectiveness in XL
3.6 The need for co-operative environmental competence
3.7 Summary and conclusions

4. Legitimacy, Efficacy and Efficiency: Factors Affecting Public Participation in Environmental Agreements in British Columbia, Canada
4.1 Land-use history in British Columbia
4.2 Alternative dispute resolution theory
4.3 Legitimacy
4.4 Efficacy
4.5 Efficiency
4.6 Lessons for future environmental agreements
4.7 Summary

5. Conflict or Collaboration? The New Zealand Forest Accord
5.1 Stakeholders’ perspectives
5.2 Instruments and factors for success
5.3 Comparison with the West Coast Accord
5.4 Best practice for environmental agreements

Additional sources of information

6. Successful Application of Environmental Agreements in Local Communities: Perspectives from Environment and Pollution Control Agreements in Japan
6.1 Why local communities regard EAs as an essential environmental policy tool
 - 6.1.1 What are EPCAs?
 - 6.1.2 Reasons why EPCAs are an important local environmental policy tool
6.2 Negotiation and operation of EPCAs: three cases
 - 6.2.1 Ichihara City, Chiba Prefecture
 - 6.2.2 EPCA between a thermal plant and Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture
 - 6.2.3 EPCAs between a golf course and a jichikai, Hatoyama Town, Saitama Prefecture
 - 6.2.4 Discussion of the case studies
6.3 Strengths and weaknesses of EPCAs
6.4 Conclusion: future implications of EPCAs
 - 6.4.1 Future recommendations

7. The Chemical Industry in Germany: Recent Developments of the 1987 Chemical Industries Social Partners’ Agreement on Environmental Protection
7.1 The role of works councils in Germany
7.2 The Social Partners’ Agreement of 1987 and foundation of GIBUCI
7.3 The Social Partners’ Agreement of 1999 on Responsible Care
7.4 Illustrating statements of the players
7.5 Critical evaluation
7.6 Conclusion: lessons learned, results achieved, challenges ahead

8. A New Trade Union Role in Environmental Agreements: A Driving Force for Sustainable Development
8.1 Developing the TCO agreement: the role of unions and stakeholders
8.2 TCO agreements: development of elements
 - 8.2.1 TCO ’92
 - 8.2.2 TCO ’95
 - 8.2.3 TCO ’99
8.3 Major factors for success
 - 8.3.1 Sustainable development vision
 - 8.3.2 Proactive trade union-based relationship
 - 8.3.3 Long-term, persistent view
 - 8.3.4 Legitimacy and credibility
 - 8.3.5 Philosophy stressing quality
 - 8.3.6 Alliances
 - 8.3.7 Reliance on networks
 - 8.3.8 Global perspective
 - 8.3.9 Use of the Internet
 - 8.3.10 Strong brand
 - 8.3.11 Continuous improvement
 - 8.3.12 Dialogue with IT industry
 - 8.3.13 Holistic approach
 - 8.3.14 Attention to economics
8.4 Development possibilities in TCO certification
8.5 The future: conclusions and recommendations
 - 8.5.1 Sustainable development as a trade union issue
 - 8.5.2 Globalisation of economy and Internet
 - 8.5.3 Potential for change in the dual role of the worker

9. EU-level Agreements: A Successful Tool? Lessons from the Agreement with the Automotive Industry
9.1 Transport and climate change
9.2 Role of voluntary agreements to address climate change
9.3 Key issues in designing VAs
 - 9.3.1 Targets
 - 9.3.2 Firm-level responsibility
 - 9.3.3 VAs and complementary instruments
 - 9.3.4 Transparency and public participation
 - 9.3.5 Monitoring and verification
 - 9.3.6 Sanctions for non-compliance
 - 9.3.7 Summary
9.4 The ACEA voluntary agreement
 - 9.4.1 Background
 - 9.4.2 Review of the ACEA agreement
9.5 Learning from ACEA case: lessons for future VAs
9.6 Conclusions

Part B: New Areas for VEAs? Developing Countries and Transition Economies

Introduction

10. A Role for Negotiated Environmental Agreements in Developing Countries?
10.1 Lessons from OECD experience with NEAs
10.2 NEAs in developing countries: brief review
10.3 Evidence of ‘new environmentalism’: basis for NEAs
10.4 Colombia: cleaner production agreements
10.5 Mexico: sectoral environmental agreements
10.6 Costa Rica: coffee-processing industry agreement
10.7 South Africa: establishing legal basis for EAs
10.8 South-East Asia: promoting cooperative environmental management
10.9 NEAs and political-institutional context of developing countries
10.10 NEAs in weak enforcement contexts: legal sanctions vs informal communication
10.11 Considerations for introducing NEAs in developing countries

11. A National Tripartite Agreement on Benzene in Brazil
11.1 The problem with benzene
11.2 A call for action
11.3 Negotiations for benzene accord
11.4 Resolving key issues
11.5 Final agreement
11.6 Notes on parties involved
 - 11.6.1 Trade union confederations
 - 11.6.2 Industry representatives
 - 11.6.3 Fundacentro
11.7 Terms of agreement
11.8 Worker involvement in Benzene Accord
11.9 Evaluation of Benzene Accord
11.10 Accord as voluntary initiative

12. Environmental Agreements as Appropriate Long-Term Measures
12.1 Understanding the problems
 - 12.1.1 National development priorities
 - 12.1.2 Awareness of environmental aspects of development
 - 12.1.3 Policies and measures
12.2 Environmental agreements
 - 12.2.1 Possible drivers of success
 - 12.2.2 Design of environmental agreements
 - 12.2.3 Future use of EAs
12.3 Concluding remarks

13. Negotiated Voluntary Environmental Agreements: Cases in the Czech Republic
13.1 Studies on Czech VEAs
13.2 Case Study 1: Environmental Agreement on Washing Powders
 - 13.2.1 Legal framework
 - 13.2.2 Motives of participants
 - 13.2.3 Economic aspects
 - 13.2.4 Evaluation
13.3 Case Study 2: Voluntary Agreement on Packaging
 - 13.3.1 Economic aspects
13.4 Concluding remarks

14. Navigating Toward a Hungarian Packaging Waste Management Solution
14.1 Negotiated outcome
14.2 Key drivers affecting negotiations
14.3 Mistakes
14.4 Conclusions

15. Conditions for Environmental Agreements in Ukraine
15.1 Ukrainian context: post-totalitarian legacy
15.2 Experience of inter-sectoral cooperation
15.3 National campaign: ‘Drinking Water in Ukraine’
15.4 Governmental structures and NGOs
15.5 Necessity for alternative eco-policy
15.6 Recommendations

16. Step-by-step Procedure for Preparing, Concluding and Evaluating Voluntary Agreements
16.1 Process model
16.2 Description of individual steps
 - A to Q (detailed steps from problem specification to final review)
16.3 Analysis of voluntary agreement
 - Environmental perspective
 - Economic perspective
 - Game theory/conflict resolution perspective
 - Legal perspective
16.4 Conclusions

Part C: Can Voluntary Agreements Help Address Climate Change?

Introduction
Overview and future role of NEAs for climate change

17. The Australian Greenhouse Challenge Programme: Perspective from a Participating University
17.1 Introduction: enhanced greenhouse effect
17.2 International and Australian responses
17.3 The Greenhouse Challenge programme
17.4 University of New South Wales (UNSW)
17.5 UNSW Greenhouse Challenge agreement
 - Energy, waste, transport, other initiatives, corporate environmental reporting
17.6 Discussion: model or anomaly?
 - Emission reductions, benefits, reporting, comparisons, future prospects
17.7 Conclusions

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