Visual Perception Physiology Psychology and Ecology 4th Edition by Vicki Bruce,Mark Georgeson,Patrick Green 9781841692371 1841692379

Part I The Physiological Basis of Visual Perception

Chapter 1: Light and Eyes

Light and the Information it Carries

The Evolution of Light-Sensitive Structures

The compound eye

Single-chambered eyes

Conclusions

The Adaptive Radiation of the Vertebrate Eye

Focusing the image

Vision in bright and dim light

Sampling the optic array

Detecting colour

Conclusions

Chapter 2: The Neurophysiology of the Retina

The Retina of the Horseshoe Crab

Transformation of temporal pattern

Transformation of spatial pattern

The Vertebrate Retina

Concentric receptive fields

Retinal ganglion cells of monkeys

Retinal mechanisms

The Retina as a Filter

Conclusions

Chapter 3: Visual Pathways in the Brain

The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

The Striate Cortex

Functional architecture in the striate cortex

Spatial filtering in the striate cortex

Beyond the Striate Cortex

Functions of extrastriate visual areas

Hierarchical processing in extrastriate pathways

The Human Brain: Two Visual Pathways?

Two visual pathways: Conclusions

Dynamics and Feedback in the Visual Pathway

Effects of context on single-cell responses

Feedback between visual areas

Effects of attention

Conclusions

Part II Vision for Awareness

Chapter 4: Approaches to the Psychology of Visual Perception

Marr’s Theory of Visual Perception

Connectionist Models of Visual Perception

Chapter 5: Images, Filters and Features: The Primal Sketch

Light, Surfaces, and Vision

What is an image?

The Primal Sketch

Image computation

Algorithms for edge detection

Implementation: Derivative operators as spatial filters

Multiple Spatial Filters

Subthreshold summation

Contrast adaptation and masking

Filter bandwidths and spatial derivatives

Other Routes to the Primal Sketch

Energy Models for Feature Detection

Local energy from odd and even filters

Experimental evidence: Energy computations in physiology and psychophysics

Some Unresolved Questions in MultiScale Vision

Illusory Contours and Orientation Coding

A model for “illusory contours”

Convergence of cues in orientation coding

Summary

Chapter 6: Perceptual Organisation

Ambiguous Pictures

Gestalt Laws of Organisation

Proximity

Similarity

Common fate

Good continuation

Closure

Relative size, surroundedness, orientation, and symmetry

The law of Prägnanz

Experimental approaches to perceptual organisation

Concealment and Advertisement

Merging and contrasting

Symmetry and regularity

Countershading and reverse countershading

Immobility and camouflage

Perceptual Organisation in Other Species

Why do the Gestalt Laws Work?

Artificial Intelligence Approaches to Grouping

Scene analysis programs

Marr’s program

Finding Texture Boundaries

Energy models for texture segmentation

The Neurophysiology of Texture Segmentation

Perception as predictive coding

Suppressive surrounds: Physiology

Suppressive Surrounds: Psychophysics

Contrast discrimination

Beyond Filters: Contours and Surfaces

Contour integration: Perceptual linking along straight and curved paths

Collinear facilitation

Segmenting parts for recognition

Perceptual grouping and the representation of surfaces

Conclusions

Chapter 7: Seeing a 3-D World

Perceiving the third dimension

Convergence and accommodation

Binocular Stereopsis

Encoding disparity and depth

Stereopsis and single vision

How is binocular matching achieved?

Disparity from spatial phase

Stereo depth and occlusion cues

Pictorial Cues to Depth

Perspective

Shading

Cast shadows

Atmospheric perspective

Occlusion

Perceptual completion

Depth from Motion

Interim summary

Integrating Depth Cues

Modules and cue integration

Cue integration and surface description: The 2½D sketch

Cue integration in area MT

Conclusions

Chapter 8: The Computation of Image Motion

First Principles: Motion as Orientation in Space-Time

Velocity from space-time gradients

Motion Detectors

The motion aftereffect

Contrast sensitivity for movement and flicker

Models of motion detectors: Direction selectivity

Encoding Local Velocity

Energy and Reichardt models compared

A Hierarchy of Processing in the Motion Energy System: From V1 to MT

Motion and area MT

From V1 to MT

Binocular summation and motion

Motion opponency

Global Motion

Spatial patterns of global motion

Global motion and the MAE

Motion, attention, and MT

Relative motion

Second-Order and “Long-Range” Motions

Apparent motion

First- and second-order motion

The role of nonlinearities

Is the second-order motion system slow and sluggish?

Second-order mechanisms for motion

The Integration of Motion Measurements

The aperture problem

Intersection of constraints or vector summation?

Role of area MT in integration of local motion components

Motion from Feature Tracking

Spatial Variations in the Velocity Field

Spatial smoothing of the velocity field

Local analysis of optic flow?

Motion-in-depth from optic flow

Position, Motion, and Eye Movements

Fading of stabilised images

Distinguishing movement of the eyes from movement in the world

The nature of the eye position signal (EEPS)

Source of the EEPS: “inflow” or “outflow”?

Motion perception during eye movements

Conclusions

Chapter 9: Object Recognition

Simple Mechanisms of Recognition

More Complex Recognition Processes

Template Matching

Feature Analysis

Structural Descriptions

Marr and Nishihara’s Theory of Object Recognition

Beyond Generalised Cones: Recognition by Components

Viewpoint-Dependent Recognition

Discriminating Within Categories of Objects: the Case of Face Recognition

Static vs Moving Forms

Conclusions

Part III Vision for Action

Chapter 10: Intro duction to the Ecological Approach to Visual Perception

J.J. Gibson’s Theory of Perception

The Control of Human Action

Implications for the role of perception

Conclusions

Chapter 11: Optic Flow and Locomotion

Optic Flow and Retinal Flow

The Visual Control of Insect Flight

Steering a straight course

Flying towards objects

Control of flight speed and height

Physiological mechanisms of flight control

Adaptive properties of insect flight control

Visual Control of Posture and Locomotion

Maintaining balance

Control of walking and running gait

Control of speed

Controlling direction

Conclusions

Chapter 12: Vision and the Timing of Actions

Scaling an Action with Distance

Reaching

Timing Actions from Optic Flow

Avoiding collisions

Time to contact from optic flow: Theory

Time to contact from optic flow: Evidence

Continuous Visual Control

Controlling deceleration

Running to catch a ball

Predictive Control

Conclusions

Chapter 13: Perception of the Social World

Perceiving Other Animals’ Behaviour

Perceiving paths of travel

Perceiving other animals’ gaze

Human Perception of Animate Motion

Biological motion

Perception of causality

Perception of social intentions

Human Face Perception

Development of face perception

Adult face perception

Perception of gaze

Perceiving facial expressions

Categorising faces: Age, sex and attractiveness

Conclusions

Part IV Conclusions

Chapter 14: Contrasting Theories of Visual Perception

Cognitive and Ecological Theories of Perception

Is perception mediated by algorithms?

Does perception require representations?

Modularity

Active Vision

Change blindness

Conclusions

References

Appendix

On-Line Resources for Perception and Vision Science

General sites

Doing your own research