Urban Geography A Critical Introduction 1st Edition by Andrew EG Jonas, Eugene McCann, Mary Thomas ISBN 1405189800 9781405189804

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ISBN 10: 1405189800 
ISBN 13: 9781405189804
Author: Andrew EG Jonas, Eugene McCann, Mary Thomas

Urban Geography A Critical Introduction 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Approaching the City
1.1 Introduction
Bright lights, big city
Figure 1.1 Dubai’s iconic architecture on display in an advertisement in a Tokyo train station. The romantic allure of the city is on sale here, invoked through the flowing feminine dress and happy smile. The image also emphasizes the global interconnections among the world’s cities.
Box 1.1. Experiencing the City
Academic approaches
1.2 Being Geographical, Being Urbanist
Defining “the urban” as an object of study
Figure 1.2 A busy shopping street in the heart of Tokyo. Tokyo is the world’s largest urban agglomeration, with a population of 37.2 million in 2011.
Figure 1.3 This golf course in Jakarta, Indonesia caters to the elite of the city. In the 1970s and 1980s Indonesia and Jakarta specifically engaged in development programs that cleared squatter settlements and prioritized the business elite.
1.3 Approaching Cities as Processes: Urbanization and Development, Urbanism, and Planning
Urbanization and development
Figure 1.4 Use value and exchange value in the urban landscape.
Urbanism
Planning
Summary
1.4 Urban Geography: Foundational Approaches
Before there was Urban Geography: The Chicago School
Box 1.2. The Hidden History of the Chicago School: Gender and Social Work
Figure 1.5 Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model superimposed on the geography of early twentieth-century Chicago.
Figure 1.6 The abstract version of Burgess’ Concentric Zone Model.
Urban geography, from the Chicago School to the quantitative revolution
1.5 Conclusion: Building on our Foundations
Figure 1.7 The bid rent curve.
1.6 Further Reading
Chapter 2 Cities for Whom? The Contours and Commitments of Critical Urban Geography
2.1 Introduction
Figure 2.1 The privatization of space, in this case in an exurban town called Plain City outside of Columbus, OH, has been a central concern for critical urban geographers. An exurb is typically outside of the suburbs and implies long commutes, big houses, and urban expansion into rural areas. This gated community restricts access to those with a magnetic pass, and the sign, “PRIVATE” could not be any clearer about who is welcome in this neighborhood and who is not. In fact, the Darby Lakes gated community is surrounded by farmland, with a trailer park of low income, prefabricated, semi-permanent homes very nearby – perhaps the residents of the trailer park are supposed to be the audience for the “Private” sign?
2.2 Developing Critical Urban Theories and Concepts
Gentrification and the “rent gap” as critical concepts
Figure 2.2 Smith’s rendition of Hoyt’s land value curve (compare with Figure 1.7).
Figure 2.3 Smith’s development of Hoyt’s diagram to show the evolution of the rent gap.
Figure 2.4 Graffiti on a storefront in a gentrifying neighborhood of Barcelona, Spain, reads “Stop Speculation.” Not only does it indicate the existence of a critical politics around speculation in the city’s land market, but the fact that the slogan is written in English (“stop”), as well as in Catalan (“espekulació”), emphasizes that local protestors have a critical geographical awareness that such speculation can flow from places beyond one city or country. Gentrification is, as Neil Smith argued, a global urban strategy.
Being critical by combining the abstract and the concrete
2.3 Social Relevance and Public Action
Public urban geographies and the right to the city
Box 2.1. Opinion: Mixed Neighborhoods Not Always a Good Idea. Marginalized Groups Least Likely to Benefit
Occupying urban space and urban political discourse
Figure 2.5 Possible cities, possible worlds. Occupy’s largely urban strategy of taking public spaces emphasizes the importance of cities in promoting more general change and in providing settings for raising questions about what sort of a society most of us would like to live in.
Figure 2.6 The Occupy camp outside the European Central Bank, Frankfurt, 2012 (Box 2.2).
Figure 2.7 Police kettling Blockupy demonstrators, Frankfurt’s Westend neighborhood, 2012.
Box 2.2. The Right to the City and State Control: Occupy and Blockupy in Frankfurt, Germany
2.4 Ordinary Urbanism in a World of Cities
Critical geographies beyond the academy
Critical geographies beyond the global North: Ordinariness, difference, and decentering urban theory
Figure 2.8 Urban transit in Johannesburg, South Africa: Thokoza Park Rea Vaya Terminus. The main route of Johannesburg’s Rea Vaya Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system began operating in August 2009 as the first full-feature BRT on the African continent and carries an average of 40 000 riders daily. This steel, glass and concrete station at Thokoza Park enables pre-boarding fare collection and fare integration between routes (on BRT, see Wood 2014a and 2014b).
Figure 2.9 An ordinary school day in Kochi, India. Many scholars examining children’s urban geographies focus on everyday activities for kids, and what they tell us about kids’ abilities to play freely, be healthy, and have education opportunities. Photo: Mary Thomas.
Figure 2.10 A woman carries goods through a market in Hanoi, Vietnam.
2.5 Positively Different, Positively Critical
2.6 Further Reading
Chapter 3 Production, Economy, and the City
3.1 Introduction
Figure 3.1 Screenshot of Chicago’s Loop facing west.
3.2 Urbanization and the Regional Dynamics of the Production System
Accumulation, urbanization, and capitalist development
Table 3.1 Ranking by population of the top 10 urban places in the USA, 1800, 1900, 1950, 2010.
Urban development under mass production
3.3 Patterns and Processes of Urban and Regional Development after Fordism
Box 3.1. Regional Development and Urban Competition: The Case of Toledo Jeep
Table 3.2 Some general features of urban structure under Fordism and post-Fordism.
3.4 Globalization as regional urbanization
Figure 3.2 Denver, once dubbed America’s “cowtown” due to its historical role in the settlement of the frontier cattle industry, has become a new frontier in the development of the creative economy, attracting artists and designers to gentrifying neighborhoods on Santa Fe Drive shown above. Artists and designers potentially contribute to the revitalization of the urban economy by stimulating new forms of employment, generating sales and exports, enhancing the design and marketing of products and services in other sectors, and inducing innovation on the part of suppliers and customers (Markusen and Gadwa, 2010).
Figure 3.3 Kuala Lumpur and the Petronas Towers.
Figure 3.4 Malaysia’s Multimedia Super Corridor at Cyberjaya.
Uneven regional development in the United Kingdom
Table 3.3 National political discourse on urban competitiveness and high-speed rail investment in the United Kingdom.
Racism and uneven urban development: the case of redlining
Box 3.2 Ethnobanking and the New Global Social Economies of Finance
Table 3.4 Locations for headquarters of the largest Chinese American Banks in Los Angeles County (ranked by total value of assets in 2000).
Figure 3.5 The HOLC map of St. Louis, Missouri, from 1937. The “Residential Security Map” shows the grades each area received from the Appraisal Department of the Home Owners’ Loan Corporation: green was “A First Grade”, blue “B Second Grade”, yellow “C Third Grand”, and red, “D Fourth Grade”. Note the placement of red areas next to the Business and Industrial areas marked with the gray cross marks, along the Mississippi River.
3.5 Gentrification: The Economic Revival of the Inner City?
Figure 3.6 Tourists and residents enjoy the winter sunshine in the High Line park, Manhattan. Note the contrasting ages, styles, and uses of the buildings bordering the former rail line.
3.6 Summary and Conclusions
3.7 Further Reading
Chapter 4 A World of Cities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 There is Nothing New About Global Cities
Figure 4.1 A mural in Bremen, Germany’s main train station celebrates the city’s history of trade.
4.3 Cities in the Contemporary World: The Global Cities Literature
Economic command, control, and connection, post-1970
Figure 4.2 The financial district in Lower Manhattan, New York. A preeminent “command and control” center for global capital.
Box 4.1. Seeing the Bifurcated Global City in the World Trade Center Tragedy
Specifying “globalness”: Advanced producer services and the command and control of the global economy
Table 4.1 Key activities in the Advanced Producer Services Sector.
Measuring and mapping command, control, and connections
Figure 4.3 The world according to GaWC.
4.4 Beyond a “Citadel Geography”: The Critique of the Dominant Global Cities Approach
4.5 Toward Critical Geographies of Ordinary Urbanism: Researching a World of Cities
Box 4.2. Global Seattle
Ordinary urbanism on the move
Box 4.3. The “Mobilities Approach” in the Social Sciences
Figure 4.4 Global Insite. German geography students and their professor learn about Vancouver’s Supervised Injection Site from its manager after a tour of the facility.
4.6 Conclusion
4.7 Further Reading
Chapter 5 Labor and the City
5.1 Introduction
Figure 5.1 Men’s workshops are the street itself in this example from Mumbai, India: a barber cuts hair, mechanics work on cars and motorbikes.
5.2 Why your Labor Matters: Making a Living in the City
Box 5.1. The Feminization of the Global Labor Force
5.3 The Control and Segmentation of Labor in the Industrial City
Figure 5.2 “Hammering Man” sculpture of an industrial (male) laborer in a post-industrial landscape in Frankfurt, Germany. The kinetic sculpture was designed by Jonathan Borofsky and sits in front of the Frankfurt Trade Fair. On the artist’s website, he writes: “The Hammering Man is a symbol for the worker in all of us” (http://www.borofsky.com/pastwork/public/hammeringman%5Bgermany%5D/index.html).
Figure 5.3 The emerging local labor market geographies of the digital media and special effects industries in Greater Los Angeles, CA.
The control and segregation of labor in the new international division of labor
Figure 5.4 Construction workers in Dubai are migrants largely from Africa and South Asia seeking higher wages and more steady work than is available in their home countries. Migrant laborers like these men and other foreigners make up 90% of the entire population of Dubai (Buckley, 2013; also ITUC, 2011). See also Box 5.2.
Box 5.2. Migrant Labor in Dubai
Figure 5.5 Service sector worker at home in the Duaripara district of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. Throughout the global South millions of workers operate in cramped conditions, either at home or in overcrowded and often unsafe factories; many are doing piecework for the international garment industry. In April, 2013, the Rana Plaza garment factory building collapsed in the capital of Bangladesh, Dhaka, resulting in the deaths of more than 1130 employees (see also Box 5.3).
Box 5.3. Is Your College Campus Sweatshop Free?
5.4 The Urban Labor Market: Dynamic Dependencies Between Employers and Workers
Table 5.1 Percentage of employers sharing each type of labor with other employers in the Worcester study area. Source: Table 6.5 in Hanson and Pratt, 1995: 177. Used with permission of Routledge Publishing.
Table 5.2 Commuting distances (in miles) of women and men in different household categories.
5.5 Welfare-to-Work and the Rise of Contingent Labor in the City
5.6 Resisting Urban Economic Change: Labor and Community Coalitions
Figure 5.6 A living wage campaign in London.
Contesting deindustrialization in Chicago
Living wage campaigns in London
5.7 Summary and Conclusion
5.8 Further Reading
Chapter 6 The City and Social Reproduction
6.1 Introduction
Box 6.1. Caring Labor: Who Benefits Where?
Figure 6.1 Domestic workers at a 2010 protest in Hong Kong hold up a sign demanding a wage increase.
Figure 6.2 Foreign domestic workers protested in Hong Kong in 2011 demanding the right to abode, that is, the right to choose where they may live while working in Hong Kong.
6.2 Defining the Gendered Spaces of Social Reproduction
Box 6.2. The Gender Relations of Post-Fordism
Women’s work, love, and the social reproduction of capitalism
Figure 6.3 Limitation of normal weekly hours of work for domestic workers under national law.
Figure 6.4 Entitlement to weekly rest (at least 24 consecutive hours) for domestic workers under national law.
6.3 Social Reproduction and Urban Form
Figure 6.5 Levittown, Pennsylvania, was a planned suburb in the 1950s. Close to both Trenton, NJ, and Philadelphia, PA, the suburb amassed individual family homes on what was previously farmland. Pete Seeger, an American folk singer, described the suburb in a song written by Malvina Reynolds in 1962 called Little Boxes: “They’re all made out of ticky-tacky, and they all look just the same.” See Kushner (2009) for the history of civil rights struggles in the suburb.
Social reproduction and urban form in Kolkata, India
6.4 Changing Spaces of Social Reproduction
The case of public housing in the United States
Box 6.3. Health Care Disparities
Figure 6.6 Compare Chicago’s Cabrini-Green housing tower in the background to the new construction of “Parkside of Old Town” in the foreground. The tower was demolished in 2011 and has been replaced by some new housing and new retail, although empty land in the area remains. Too few “affordable” units exist for low income residents interested in moving back to the neighborhood, however (Vale 2013). Residents must pass credit checks to gain apartments, and as discussed in Chapter 3, credit has a problematically racialized history in American cities. Mandates for developers to include affordable units often translate into the inclusion of small units interspersed with larger ones. Small units are “affordable,” since they have less square footage and rent for less money, but poorly serve families with children. Social reproduction of poor families is therefore maligned in the interests of “redevelopment”.
The case of undocumented migrant life in the United States
Box 6.4. The “Facts” about Urban Health according to the World Health Organization
The case of structural adjustment in Kingston, Jamaica
6.5 Summary
6.6 Further Reading
Chapter 7 Governing the City: The State, Urban Planning, and Politics
7.1 Introduction
Figure 7.1 Graffiti from a Barcelona, Spain, wall protesting tourism in the city.
7.2 Capitalist Urbanization: Planning, Social Provision, and the Housing Question
Figure 7.2 The political ingredients of urban growth in Cambridge, UK, as imagined by a local entrepreneur.
Box 7.1. India’s Silicon City Booms to Busting: As IT Firms Pour into Bangalore, the City’s Infrastructure is Struggling to Keep Up
The provision of housing
Figure 7.3 A poster illustrating the housing affordability problem in the suburbs of Boston, MA.
7.3 Urban Entrepreneurialism and the New Urban Politics
Entrepreneurial urban policies
Figure 7.4 An early stage view of the redevelopment of the Poble Nou district of Barcelona, Spain. The redevelopment of Poble Nou is known as the 22@ project, as it is based on an old planning area (zone 22) identified in the first metropolitan plan for Barcelona in the 1920s (Casellas and Pallares-Barbera, 2009). In districts like Poble Nou, new public spaces have been created not just for local residents but also to encourage private investment.
Box 7.2. Barcelona: A Model of Urban Entrepreneurialism?
7.4 Suburban Development and Metropolitan Political Fragmentation
Edge cities and postsuburban space
Gated communities
Figure 7.5 Entrance to a gated community in Las Vegas, NV.
Box 7.3. The Governance of Gated Communities in the United States
7.5 De Facto Urban Policy and the Rise of City-Regionalism
7.6 Summary and Conclusions
7.7 Further Reading
Chapter 8 Experiencing Cities
8.1 Introduction
Box 8.1. Mumbai Toilet Construction and Women
Figure 8.1 Try not to imagine Slumdog Millionaire! This is what a new public toilet block looks like, in Khotwadi, Mumbai, India, built by the Slum Sanitation Project (SSP).
8.2 What is “Experience”?
Social difference and power
8.3 Social Space, City Space
Gentrification
Is the “ghetto” your home?
Figures 8.2 and 8.3 The home in Figure 8.2 has a rainbow flag on its porch denoting the sexual identity of its owners. The house is in a predominantly African-American neighborhood called Olde Towne East in Columbus, OH. It faces the Kwanzaa Playground directly across the street, as seen in Figure 8.3. The documentary film Flag Wars (2003; dir. Linda Goode Bryant and Laura Poitras) examines the conflict over gentrification in this neighborhood between gay and African-American residents.
Homelessness
Youth geographies and consumption spaces
Figure 8.4 Children sell gum and beg on the streets of Quito, Ecuador.
Figures 8.5 and 8.6 An upscale outdoor shopping space in Columbus, OH. While the design of the shopping mall evokes symbols of public space, it is entirely privately owned. It even has its own police force.
8.4 Is there an Urban Identity?
8.5 Emotions and City Life
Figure 8.7 A temporary artificial beach by the River Seine; part of the annual “Paris Plages” program. Each summer since 2002, the municipal government has provided these beaches to residents and tourists. This fun space highlights how regulations about appropriate behavior in public spaces are socially and spatially contextual. While middle class people sleeping in this public space may be advertised as evidence of a city’s attractiveness, a homeless person doing the same thing in the same space may well be woken up and moved along.
Figure 8.8 The 1990 American with Disabilities Act guarantees equal opportunities for those with disabilities, including access to transportation. Many United States, European, and Canadian cities now provide “accessibility” maps for those with mobility impairments, like in this case for Seattle, WA.
Box 8.2. Dis/ability
Figure 8.9 A disabled man crosses the street in a wheelchair. This city street offers accessible crosswalks but many in the world are much harder, if not impossible, to navigate with ease.
8.6 Summary and Conclusions
8.7 Further Reading
Chapter 9 Molding and Marketing the Image of the City
9.1 Introduction
Figure 9.1 The junction of Yonge and Dundas Streets in downtown Toronto, Canada. Urban built environments are not only thoroughly branded but cities themselves have become brands.
Box 9.1 The “Best” Places to Live?
Figure 9.2 Cities regularly appearing in Money’s top ten, 1987–2002. Between 1987 and 2002, Money’s rankings have featured Rochester, MN eight times, more than any other city; Austin, TX, San Francisco, CA, and Seattle, WA have appeared seven times; Madison, WI, six times; Minneapolis–St. Paul, MN, five times; and Boston, MA, Gainesville, FL, Nashua, NH, and Raleigh–Durham–Chapel Hill, NC, have each appeared four times.
Table 9.1 Top criteria for choosing a city according to Money’s surveys of its subscribers. 1997 was the last year in which Money published a full list of the criteria. In 1998 it published the top five: clean water, low crime rate, clean air, good schools, and low property taxes.
9.2 Contemporary Perspectives on Urban Entrepreneurialism
9.3 Who Markets Cities and to Whom? Key Actors and Audiences
Figure 9.3 A worker rests at a construction site in Datong, Shanxi Province, China, in 2011. The site is part of a tourist-oriented redevelopment program that aims to reconstruct Datong’s urban center as a replica of the city’s days as the capital of the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234 CE). To make way for the construction, almost two thirds of the inner city’s original residents were relocated to suburban high-rise housing sites.
9.4 Making the Pitch: The Strategies and Politics of Shaping Urban Identities for the Market
Imagineering the built environment as a resource for production and consumption
People as resources for production and consumption
NESTLED BESIDE FOUR GREAT LAKES, YOU’LL FIND ONE IMMENSE TALENT POOL.
Figure 9.4 A float at the Vancouver Pride Parade. Note how the symbolism and slogans on this float combine two of Vancouver’s marketing images: a city that is LGBTQ friendly and also a city that is green, sustainable, or “natural.”
Managing and policing the Imagineered city
Box 9.2 Gay Pride and Gay Dollars in Vancouver, BC
Figure 9.5 Stage set landscape: Consuming Sydney Opera House and Harbour Bridge. Photo by Eugene McCann.
Box 9.3 The Olympics and Contemporary City Marketing
Figure 9.6 One of the most photogenic images of the 1992 Barcelona Games was of the diving competition, held at an outdoor pool on Montjuïc, a hill overlooking the city. As the divers propelled themselves off the high board, their flight was framed by the spectacular view of the city stretched below them, punctuated by Gaudi’s multispired cathedral in the distance.
The politics of maintaining a city’s image
9.5 Summary and Conclusions
9.6 Further Reading
Chapter 10 Nature and Environment in the City
10.1 Introduction
Figure 10.1 A tsunami warning sign in Fujisawa in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, informs viewers in Japanese and English to move to higher ground after an earthquake. Photo: Eugene McCann.
10.2 Nature in the Modern Metropolis
Figure 10.2 Community garden in the Cascade neighborhood of Seattle, WA. In the USA, community gardening grew out of movements to preserve farmland in the city. One of the first of these was Seattle’s “P-Patch” program, which began in the 1970s. The City of Seattle now has a zoning policy for community gardens. Photo: Andy Jonas.
Box 10.1 Urban Metabolism
Urban metabolism
Figure 10.3 In Kochi, India, raw sewage flows just below the sidewalk and is covered with concrete blocks. In even minor rain storms, the sewage overflows its trenches and pollutes low-lying areas. Many cities in the global South, like Kochi, lack sufficient waste water treatment facilities, and often only very wealthy areas with new construction projects can access this luxury. Rapid urban growth, along with poverty, also presents a major challenge to building new pipeline and infrastructure. Photo: Mary Thomas.
Positive environmentalism
Figure 10.4 Bandit’s Roost by Jacob Riis. This image of the notorious Five Points district in Lower Manhattan was captured by Riis circa 1890. Riis’s striking photographic images of New York’s slums horrified the City’s upper classes, prompting calls for urban social reforms. Many of these reforms were inspired by the belief that social conditions could be improved by changing the environment in which the lower classes lived, i.e., positive environmentalism.
Disease, life, and death in the modern city
Box 10.2 Parks as Urban Utopias
Figure 10.5 Parc Güell in Barcelona, Spain, was originally designed to be an exclusive residential enclave for the city’s bourgeoisie but is now a public park and World Heritage site. Photo: Andy Jonas.
10.3 Regulating Nature and Environment in the City
Regulating the boundaries between city and countryside
Re-imagining nature in the entrepreneurial city
Figure 10.6 Landschaftspark in Duisburg Nord, Germany. The site of a former steel plant, the park memorializes industry and encourages enjoyment of a former toxic environment, and, thus, of the industrial past, too. Photo: Mary Thomas.
Figure 10.7 An inukshuk in the city of Vancouver, Canada. The plaque at its base reads: “This ancient symbol of the Inuit culture is traditionally used as a landmark and navigational aid and also represents northern hospitality and friendship.” The plaque goes on to explain that the corporate sponsor of the inukshuk, Coast Hotels & Resorts, provides lighting to make “this welcoming symbol visible at night.” The Aboriginal rock symbol is therefore invoked as a marketing technique. Photo: Eugene McCann.
Box 10.3 Environment, Symbolism, and the Image of the City
10.4 The Urban Sustainability Fix: Towards Low Carbon Cities
Figure 10.8 The urban sustainability fix.
10.5 Summary and Conclusion
10.6 Further Reading
Chapter 11 Urban Arts and Visual Cultures
11.1 Introduction
Figure 11.1 Banksy graffiti on the exterior wall of Bristol’s Sexual Health Clinic, 2006. Photographed by Richard Cocks (Own work, Banksy Graffiti (Park Street) Close shot) [CC-BY-SA-2.5 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5) or CC-BY-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
Figure 11.2 Banksy mural painted in New York City, on 1 October 2013, as part of a month-long Banksy residency in the city. The image went through several iterations, with other graffiti artists altering it, and within a day had been painted over completely. In the fluid world of public art, no work can be guaranteed forever. The nature of public street art – including its devaluation as a scourge – makes preservation extremely challenging.
11.2 Art, Aesthetics, and Urban Space
Figure 11.3 Police Dog Attack (1993) by artist James Drake (b. 1946), Kelly Ingram Park, Birmingham, AL, USA. The sculpture, which must be entered to walk the path through the park, evokes the terror that Civil Rights marchers experienced in 1963 as the Birmingham Police attempted to pacify African-Americans’ resistance to Jim Crow segregation.
11.3 Visuality
Figure 11.4 Redskins Bottle Suit. This purchase would cost you $8.00 at the Redskins online team store, or you could choose from hundreds of other items featuring the Native profile and feathers icon. Photo by Mary Thomas.
Figure 11.5 Portland, OR, markets itself as a green city, welcoming to alternative mobilities, such as bicycles. However, the irony of the city’s branding is obvious in this visual representation, since “Welcome to America’s Bicycle Capital” overlooks a busy downtown parking lot. Photo: Eugene McCann.
Box 11.1 Visual Imagineering
11.4 The Artistic Mode of Production
11.5 Architecture, Verticality, and the Nation
Box 11.2 Urban Verticality: High Up and Deep Down
Figure 11.6 Dubai’s Palm and World developments from Google Earth. These artificial islands are made largely of sand dredged from the Persian Gulf.
Figure 11.7 See Chapter 3 for an image of the Petronas Towers. Seen here, the dizzying heights of Shanghai’s skyline, showing specifically the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone of the central business district of Pudong New Area. Formerly agricultural fields and small factories, the area was developed in the 1990s and 2000s as a special development zone with favorable policies for the finance and service industries.
Figure 11.8 Construction of One World Trade Center. Photo: Andy Jonas.
Figure 11.9 Installation view, Remembering, by Ai Weiwei for the façade of Haus der Kunst, Munich, as part of the exhibition 2009/2010. The façade of the museum is a mural made of children’s backpacks. The 9000 backpacks spell “She lived happily for seven years in this world.” The sentence comes from one mother’s elegy for her daughter killed in the 2008 Sichuan earthquake.
11.6 Museums and Memorialization
Box 11.3 Art as Activism: The Case of Ai Weiwei
Figure 11.10 Ai Weiwei, Study of Perspective – Tiananmen Square. 1995–2003. Ai took similar photos and distributed them via Twitter at various global landmarks, including the Eiffel Tower in Paris and the White House in Washington, DC. See his Twitter postings @aiww (@aiwwenglish).
11.7 Summary and Conclusions
11.8 Further Reading
Chapter 12 Alternative Urban Spaces and Politics
12.1 Introduction
Figures 12.1 and 12.2 Public space is ubiquitously posted with rules and regulations in many European, North American, Australian, and Japanese cities. In Figure 12.1, a sign informs the public in Sydney that drinking in the “alcohol-free zone” can result in a visit from the police. In Figure 12.2, Tokyo city warns you not to smoke on the street.
12.2 Beyond Mainstream Urban Development Politics
12.3 The Right to the City and the New Urban Commons
The right to the city
Figures 12.3 and 12.4 Plaça de George Orwell in Barcelona, complete with a “Big brother” stencil. The sign lets people know that they are under surveillance. Video surveillance is a common form of “microtechnologies of social and spatial control” referred to by Soja. Photos: Eugene McCann.
The new urban commons
Figure 12.5 Condominium construction in this downtown Seattle neighborhood will have widespread effects on the surrounding areas. Who decides when US$1 million apartments are more “appropriate” to urban space than a strip club? Photo: Eugene McCann.
12.4 The City, Citizenship, and Democracy
Figure 12.6 A protest against forced evictions associated with the gentrification and redevelopment of inner city districts in northeastern Spain. Photo: Andy Jonas.
12.5 Environmental and Social Justice in the City
Table 12.1 Environmental problems identified by householders in lower income neighborhoods in Chittagong City, Bangladesh.
Box 12.1 Food Policy in Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Figure 12.7 A restaurant popular in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
12.6 Circuits of Value and Alternative Urban Enterprises
Table 12.2 Key characteristics of alternative urban enterprises.
Box 12.2 Credit Unions as Contested Alternative Urban Enterprises in the United Kingdom
12.7 Summary and Conclusions
12.8 Further Reading
Chapter 13 Urban Crises
13.1 Introduction
Figure 13.1 A vacant house after foreclosure. Vacant properties are endemic in shrinking cities.
Figure 13.2 An Israeli military patrol in a Palestinian West Bank neighborhood in Hebron/al-Khalil.
Figure 13.3 Israeli soldiers at a checkpoint in Hebron/al-Khalil question Palestinian youth.
13.2 Global Financial Crisis and Austerity Urbanism
Figure 13.4 An abandoned house in Detroit, MI. Since 1950, the City of Detroit has lost well over a million residents, making it an extreme example of urban shrinkage. According to the Detroit Blight Removal Task Force (2014), by May of 2014, 30% of Detroit’s land parcels were vacant and 90% of publicly held land parcels were blighted.
Figure 13.5 A retail lender offers cash loans against car titles as collateral. The subprime lending market for automobile sales is booming in the United States. The housing mortgage market now has new restrictions on risky lending, but auto loans are not covered by the same regulations. Photo: Mary Thomas.
13.3 Shrinking Cities
Box 13.1 War and Shrinking Cities
The effects of shrinkage on urban identity and memory
Figure 13.6 The Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, also known as the Holocaust Memorial, in Berlin. Since the collapse of state socialism in Eastern Europe and the re-unification of Germany, Berlin has become an important laboratory for critically investigating urban development, shrinkage, and memory. Designed by architect Peter Eisenman and engineer Buro Happold.
13.4 National Political Unrest
Bangkok, Thailand
Figure 13.7 “Red Shirt” protest at Ratchaprasong intersection, Bangkok, Thailand. The red shirts organized mass rallies across Thailand to mark the ousting of former Thai prime minister Thaksin by a military coup four years ago, and to commemorate the final day of the military crackdown on their protests four months ago. This gathering was at Ratchaprasong intersection, an area in downtown Bangkok that was occupied by the red shirts between 3 April 2010 and 19 May 2010, the day that the Thai military violently ended the protests and on which day the protesters set fire to many buildings across Thailand including CentralWorld in Bangkok, the largest shopping mall of Southeast Asia, here to the left of the photo.
13.5 The Urban Carcerai Society
Figure 13.8 Two bail bonds companies located directly across the street from the city and county courthouses in Columbus, OH. A bail is an amount of money set by a court of law that a prisoner must pay to be released before trial; the bail acts as a surety that the prisoner will show up for trial. A bail bond agent (often referred to as a bondsman) posts bail on behalf of the prisoner in exchange for a percentage of the total bail (usually 10–15%). Prisoners or their families or friends offer collateral on this money in the form of home or car titles, or they pay cash. Photo: Mary Thomas.
Figure 13.9 A county Sheriff’s bus transports prisoners to the Franklin County Corrections Center, Columbus, OH. Photo: Mary Thomas.
Figure 13.10 Urban prisons in the United States are usually near the courts complexes. Chances are, if you have been to an American city, you have driven or walked past one and not noticed it. They are typically unmarked or with only small signs to mask their purposes. However, the security cameras and blacked out, or nonexistent, windows give them away if you look closely. Photo: Mary Thomas.
The carceral society away from prison
13.6 Militarization of the City, Urbanization of the Military
Figure 13.11 Nablus, West Bank, Palestine.
Box 13.2 Palestine and Urban Occupation: The Case of Gaza
Figure 13.12 Road barriers in the West Bank of Palestine are common, especially in troubled times. Roadblocks are often made by the Israeli army and are meant to restrict Palestinian mobility around the region and channel their traffic through Israeli military checkpoints.
13.7 Summary and Conclusions
13.8 Further Reading
Chapter 14 Epilogue: Critical Urban Geographies and Their Futures
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Ways Forward
Table 14.1 Five themes for future critical urban research.
Exploring interconnected urban worlds
Looking for new and existing alliances and social movements in the city
Rescaling knowledge of the state and citizenship around the city
Revealing urban geographies of social reproduction
Planning for social and environmental justice in the city
14.3 Final reflections and Conclusions

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Andrew EG Jonas,Eugene McCann,Mary Thomas,Urban Geography,Critical