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The Limits of Kindness 1st Edition by Caspar Hare ISBN 0199691991 9780199691999

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Author(s): Caspar Hare
ISBN(s): 9780199691999, 0199691991
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.03 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
SKU: EB-5221662 Categories: , Tag:

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ISBN 10: 0199691991 
ISBN 13: 9780199691999
Author: Caspar Hare

Caspar Hare presents a novel approach to questions of what we ought to do, and why we ought to do it. The traditional way to approach this subject is to begin by supposing a foundational principle, and then work out its implications. Consequentialists say that we ought to make the world impersonally better, for instance, while Kantian deontologists say that we ought to act on universalizable maxims. And contractualists say that we ought to act in accordance with the terms of certain hypothetical contracts. These principles are all grand and controversial. The motivating idea behind The Limits of Kindness is that we can tackle some of the most difficult problems in normative ethics by starting with a principle that is humble and uncontroversial. Being moral involves wanting particular other people to be better off. From these innocuous beginnings, Hare leads us to surprising conclusions about how we ought to resolve conflicts of interest, whether we ought to create some people rather than others, what we ought to want in an infinite world, when we ought to make sacrifices for the sake of needy strangers, and why we cannot, on pain of irrationality, attribute great importance to the boundaries between people.

The Limits of Kindness 1st Table of contents:

0.1. Normative Ethics
0.2. Why Normative Ethics is Hard
0.3. Reflective Equilibrium
0.4. A Foundational Approach
0.5. Moving Forward
0.6. Two Goals

Part I
1. The Good Will
1.1. What is it to Take Another Person’s Interests into Account, and Wish him or her Well?
1.2. What is it to Say that Being Moral Involves Being Good-Willed toward Others?
1.3. Who are these “Others” toward whom we must be Good-Willed?

2. First Steps: The Morality of Rescue
2.1. A First Look at Three Controversial Rescue Cases
2.2. Opaque Variants of the Controversial Cases
2.3. Appealing to Expected Utility
2.4. Worries

3. Rational Responses to Sweetening Insensitive Preferences
3.1. Opaque Sweetening
3.2. Why you might Think I should Take the Sweetened Option
3.3. Why you might Think it is not the Case That I Should Take the Sweetened Option
3.4. Take the Sweetened Option
3.5. An Aside: Formal Prospectist Decision Theory
3.6. A Yet Further Aside: Formal Deferentialist Decision Theory

4. Efficiency and the Greater Good
4.1 Opaque Small Differences Redux
4.2 What if my Ignorance Runs Deeper? What if I do not Know who is Involved?
4.3 Objection: What about Fairness?
4.4 Many or Few Redux
4.5 Generalizing the Argument
4.6 The Separateness of Persons

5. The Same-Number Non-Identity Problem
5.1 A Canonic Presentation of the Problem
5.2 Solving the Same-Number Non-Identity Problem
5.3 Mariette’s Complaint
5.4 Objection: Again, what about Fairness?
5.5 Objection: Contrary Desires
5.6 Objection: Desires about People Need People
5.7 Objection: Essentialism about Origins

6. Killing-to-Prevent-Killings
6.1 Dirty Hands
6.2 Ignorant Killing
6.3 Acting against your Preferences

Part II
Introduction to Part II

7. Robust Essences
7.1 Imperfect Fragility
7.2 Objection: Does this not Mean we are not at all Fragile—that there are no Limits to How Differ
7.3 Objection: Might we not be at the Limit of our Essence?
7.4 Objection: Could People have Failed to be People?
7.5 Objection: Are there really Context-Independent Facts about Essence?

8. Rational Constraints on Desire-Like Attitudes
8.1 Rational Constraints on the Structure of your Conative Attitudes
8.2 Why Accept These Constraints?
8.3 Arguing for R3–R5
8.4 Rational Constraints on Behavior
8.5 Rationality and Accordance with Reason
8.6 Generalizing the Picture

9. Morphing
9.1 States of Affairs and Counterpart Theory
9.2 Morphing
9.3 Upslope Morphing
9.4 Generalized Morphing
9.5 Anonymous Benevolence
9.6 A First Worry: Is Essence Really so Robust?
9.7 A Second Worry: Can Things Always Get Better?
9.8 A Third Worry
9.9 Doing without Counterpart Theory

10. Transparent Conflicts
10.1 Closing the File on the Non-Identity Problem
10.2 Constraints Redux
10.3 Rescue Cases Redux
10.4 The Negative Intransitivity of Better Off Than
10.5 Pareto Dominance Reconsidered
10.6 Semi-Transparent Rescue Cases
10.7 Wrapping up on Rescue Cases

11. Morphing, Infinity, and the Limits of Good Will
11.1 Infinite People
11.2 Extending Good Will to Infinite Worlds
11.3 What about the Boy in the Well?

Part III
Introduction to Part III

12. Distance and Need
12.1 Rationality and the Needy
12.2 Dominance Redux

13. Ignorance and Indeterminacy
13.1 Not Knowing Precisely who you are in a Position to Save
13.2 Not Knowing Precisely how many you are in a Position to Save
13.3 Counterfactual Open-ness
13.4 No Escape

14. Commitment
14.1 Sticking by a Decision
14.2 What Moves the Rational Person?
14.3 One Strategy: Avoiding the Problematic Situations
14.4 A Second Strategy: Thoughtless Obedience to a Plan
14.5 A Third Strategy: Sharpening up your Preferences
14.6 A Fourth Strategy: Caring about your own Choices and Plans
14.7 A Last Strategy: Letting a Consideration be Decisive without Taking it to be of Decisive Signif
14.8 In the End: The Decent and the Alien

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