The Essential Handbook of Ground Water Sampling 1st Edition by David Nielsen, Gillian Nielsen ISBN 1040208335 9781040208335

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ISBN 10: 1040208335
ISBN 13: 9781040208335
Author: David Nielsen, Gillian Nielsen

Tremendous improvements in ground-water sampling methodologies and analytical technologies have made it possible to collect and analyze truly representative samples to detect increasingly lower levels of contaminants—now in the sub-parts-per-billion range. Though these new methods produce more accurate and precise data and are less expensive, many companies and government agencies are reluctant to update their sampling protocols and regulations claiming the transition would be too costly.

The Essential Handbook of Ground Water Sampling 1st Table of contents:

1 The Science Behind Ground-Water Sampling

Objectives of Ground-Water Sampling

Regulatory Compliance Monitoring

Non-Regulatory Monitoring

Collecting “Representative” Samples

Ground-Water Sampling and Data Quality

Meeting DQOs: A Superfund Project as an Example

Factors Affecting the Representative Nature of Ground-Water Samples

Formation and Well Hydraulics

Understanding Ground-Water Flow

Hydraulics and Water Chemistry Between Sampling Events

Sampling Point Placement, Design, Installation, and Maintenance

Three-Dimensional Placement of the Sampling Point

Sampling Point Installation Options

Traditional Drilled Monitoring Wells

Direct-Push Sampling Tools and Monitoring Well Installations

Poor Well Design and Construction

Improper Selection of Well Construction Materials

Well Screen Length

Filter-Pack Grain Size and Well-Screen Slot Size

Inadequate or Improper Well Development

Well Maintenance

Geochemical Changes in Ground-Water Samples

Pressure Changes

Temperature Changes

Entrainment of Artifactual Particulate Matter during Purging and Sampling

Agitation and Aeration of Ground-Water Samples during Collection

References

2 The Ground-Water Sampling and Analysis Plan (SAP): A Road Map to Field Sampling Procedures

Objectives of the SAP

Preparation of the SAP

Selection of Field Protocols to Be Incorporated into the SAP

Well Headspace Screening

Water-Level and Product-Thickness Measurement

Field Quality Assurance and Quality Control

Purging and Sampling Device Selection and Operation

Sampling Point Purging Methods

Field Measurement of Water-Quality Indicator Parameters and Turbidity

Sample Pretreatment Options

Field Equipment Cleaning Procedures

Documenting a Sampling Event

References

3 Purging and Sampling Device Selection and Operation

Introduction

Selection Criteria

Accuracy and Precision of the Device

Materials of Construction

Outside Diameter of the Device

Lift Capability

Flow Rate Control and Range

Ease of Operation and In-Field Servicing

Portable versus Dedicated Applications

Reliability and Durability of the Device

Purchase Price and Operating Costs

Purging and Sampling Equipment Options

Grab Samplers

Bailers

Thief Samplers

Syringe Samplers

Other Grab-Sampling Devices

Suction-Lift Devices

Surface Centrifugal Pumps

Peristaltic Pumps

Electric Submersible Centrifugal Pumps

Positive-Displacement Pumps

Gas-Displacement Pumps

Bladder Pumps

Piston Pumps

Progressing Cavity or Helical Rotor Pumps

Electric Submersible Gear-Drive Pumps

Inertial-Lift Pumps

Passive Diffusion Bag Samplers

References

4 Preparing Sampling Points for Sampling: Purging Methods

Objectives of Purging

Purging Strategies for High-Yield Wells

Traditional Strategies

Fixed Well-Volume Purging

Purging to Stabilization of Indicator Parameters

Use of a Packer During Purging

Low-Flow Purging and Sampling

Purging and Sampling Strategies for Low-Yield Wells

Traditional Strategies

Purging to Dryness

Purging Water from the Casing Only

Other Methods for Purging and Sampling Low-Yield Wells

Minimum-Purge Sampling

Example

“Coring” the Water Column in the Well Screen

Field Measurement of Water-Quality Indicator Parameters and Turbidity

References

5 Ground-Water Sample Pretreatment: Filtration and Preservation

Sample Pretreatment Options

Sample Filtration

What Filter Pore Size to Use

Functions of Filtration

Which Parameters to Filter

Sources of Error and Bias in Filtration

Filtration Methods and Equipment

Filter Preconditioning

Sample Preservation

Objectives of Sample Preservation

Physical Preservation Methods

Chemical Preservation Methods

References

6 Conducting a Ground-Water Sampling Event

Introduction

Field Preparation for a Ground-Water Sampling Event Site Orientation and Sampling Event Preparation

Conducting the Sampling Event Sampling Point Inspection

Well Headspace Screening

Water-Level Measurement

Well Purging and Field Parameter Measurement

Sample Collection Procedures

Order of Container Filling

Sample Collection Protocols

Protocols for Collecting Field QC Samples

Ground-Water Sample Pretreatment Procedures

Sample Filtration

Sample Preservation

Preparation of Sample Containers for Shipment

Cleanup of the Work Area

Delivery or Shipment of Samples to the Laboratory

References

7 Acquisition and Interpretation of Water-Level Data

Introduction

Importance of Water-Level Data

Water-Level and Hydraulic-Head Relationships

Hydraulic Media and Aquifer Systems

Design Features for Water-Level Monitoring Systems

Piezometers or Wells?

Approach to System Design

Number and Placement of Wells

Screen Depth and Length

Construction Features

Water-Level Measurement Precision and Intervals

Reporting of Data

Water-Level Data Acquisition

Manual Measurements in Nonflowing Wells

Wetted Chalked Tape Method

Air-Line Submergence Method

Electrical Methods

Pressure Transducer Methods

Float Method

Sonic or Audible Methods

Ultrasonic Methods

Radar Methods

Laser Methods

Manual Measurements in Flowing Wells

Casing Extension

Manometers and Pressure Gages

Pressure Transducers

Applications and Limitations of Manual Methods

Continuous Measurements of Ground-Water Levels

Methods of Continuous Measurement

Mechanical: Float Recorder Systems

Electromechanical: Iterative Conductance Probes (Dippers)

Data Loggers

Analysis, Interpretation, and Presentation of Water-Level Data

Recharge and Discharge Conditions

Approach to Interpreting Water-Level Data

Transient Effects

Contouring of Water-Level Elevation Data

References

8 Decontamination of Field Equipment Used in Ground-Water Sampling Programs

Introduction

Objectives of Equipment Decontamination

Current Status of Equipment Decontamination Protocols

Preparing an Effective Decontamination Protocol for Field Equipment

What Equipment Requires Field Decontamination?

Using Disposable Equipment to Avoid Equipment Decontamination Issues

When and Where Should Equipment Be Decontaminated?

Remote Equipment Cleaning

Field Equipment Cleaning

Selecting an Appropriate Decontamination Protocol

Factors to Evaluate on a Task-Specific Basis

Available Decontamination Procedures

Inherent Problems with Decontamination Techniques

Quality Assurance/Quality Control Components of Decontamination Protocols

Summary

References

9 Ground-Water Sample Analysis

Introduction

Selection of Analytical Parameters

Ground-Water Investigations Governed by a Regulatory Agency

Analytical Requirements Under RCRA

Analytical Requirements Under a Site-Specific Administrative Consent Order (ACO)

Analytes That Are Site-Related

Selection of an Analytical Method

Specific Requirements for an Analytical Method

Description of Analytical Methods

Screening or Diagnostic Tests

Specific Organic Compound Analysis

Volatile Organic Compounds

Semivolatile Organic Compounds

Pesticides, Herbicides, and PCBs

Specific Constituent Inorganic Analysis

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Other Analyses

Quality Assurance/Quality Control

Selection of an Analytical Laboratory

Preparation of a Quality Assurance Project Plan

Laboratory QA/QC

Chain-of-Custody

Sample Storage and Holding Time Requirements

Sample Preparation

Laboratory QC Samples

Instrument Calibration

Sample Analysis

Laboratory Validation and Reporting

Documentation and Recordkeeping

Independent Laboratory QA Review

Summary

References

10 Organization and Analysis of Ground-Water Quality Data

Introduction

Baseline Water Quality

Selection of Indicator Parameters

Detection Monitoring Indicator Parameters

Complete Detection Parameter List for Sanitary Landfills

Analytical Laboratories

Steps in a Lab Evaluation

SOPs and QAPPs

Custody and Chain-of-Laboratory Security

Facility and Equipment

Data Accuracy and Availability

Data Inquiries

QA Reports to Management and Corrective Action

MDLs, PQLs, IDLs, and EMLRLs

Sample Dilution

Low-Level Organic Chemical Results

Background Water-Quality Evaluation

Monitoring Site Water Quality

Reporting

Units of Measure

Comparisons of Water Quality

Inspection and Comparison

Contour Maps

Time-Series Formats

Histograms

Trilinear Diagrams

Statistical Treatment of Water-Quality Data

Data Independence

Data Normality

Evaluation of Ground-Water Contamination

Types of Statistical Tests

Tests of Central Tendency (Location)

Tests of Trend

Recommended Statistical Methods

Statistical Prediction Intervals

Single Location and Constituent

Multiple Locations

Verification Resampling

Multiple Constituents

The Problem of Nondetects

Nonparametric Prediction Limits

Intra-Well Comparisons

Some Methods to Be Avoided

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