Textbook of Atopic Dermatitis 1st Edition by Sakari Reitamo ,Thomas A Luger ,Martin Steinhoff ISBN 184184246X 978-1841842462
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ISBN10:184184246X
ISBN 13:978-1841842462
Author:Sakari Reitamo ,Thomas A.Luger ,Martin Steinhoff
Atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema is an extremely common skin disease characterized by red patches, dry, scaling or crusting skin, and intense itch. It frequently develops in children during the first year of life and can become severe, with a consequently major impact on health-related quality of life. This text from international experts draws together the latest research on the disease and its management to show what options and help can be offered to patients.
Table of contents:
1 The Clinical Manifestations of Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
The Localization of Adat Different Ages
Infancy
Childhood
Adolescents
Adults
Diagnostic Criteria of Ad
Differential Diagnosis
References
2 Genetic Dissection of Eczema
Introduction
Approaches to the Genetic Analysis of Eczema
Candidate Gene Studies
Mast Cell Chymase
The Cytokine Gene Cluster and Cytokine Receptors
The High Affinity IGE Receptor (Fcri)
Rantes
Investigation of Gene–Environment Interactions
Mendelian Diseases
Genome-Wide Linkage Studies and Positional Cloning
Mouse Models
Summary
References
3 The Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Predisposing Factors
The Hygiene Hypothesis
Genetic Mechanisms
The Disturbance of Skin Function
Provocation Factors
Food and Aeroallergens
Microbes
Autoallergens
Contact Allergens
Neuroimmunological Factors
Immunopathogenic Factors
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Keratinocytes
T Cells
Inflammatory Cytokines Andchemokines in the Skin
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
4 Epidermal Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Intra-Individual Variations in Epidermal Barrier Structure and Function
Inter-Individual Variation Inskin Barrier Function
How Atopic is Atopic Dermatitis?
The Skin Barrier
Genetic Regulation of Skin Barrier Function
Secondary Proteases
Exogenous Proteases
Gene–Environment Interactions: Ph and Detergents
Gene–Environment Interactions: Topical Corticosteroids
Conclusions
Clinical Implications of Skin Barrier Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis
References
5 Staphylococcus Aureus in Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Prevalence Ofstaphylococcus Aureus in Atopic Dermatitis
Mechanism(S) for Enhanced Staphylococcus Aureus Colonization
Increaseds. Aureus Adherence
Decreased Innate Immune Response
Immune Response to Staphylococcus Aureus
Superantigens
Alpha Toxin
Management Ofstaphylococcus Aureus in Atopic Dermatitis
Antibiotic/Steroid Combinations
Non-Antibiotic Approaches for Control of Staphylococcus Aureus
Antiseptics
Phototherapy
Topical Tacrolimus
Conclusions
References
6 Role of Viruses
Introduction
Eczema Molluscatum
Eczema Vaccinatum
Eczema Herpeticum
Diagnostic Procedures in Eczema Herpeticum
Pathogenesis of Eczema Herpeticum
Therapy of Eczema Herpeticum
Antiviral Chemotherapy of Eczema Herpeticum
Aciclovir
Valaciclovir
Penciclovir
Famciclovir
Foscarnet
Topical Treatment of Eczema Herpeticum
Ophthalmic Therapy
Mucocutaneous Lesions
Vaccination Techniques for Eh Prevention
Interferon Therapy for Eczema Herpeticum
References
7 Atopic Dermatitis: The Role of Fungi
Introduction
Fungi with Relevance for Atopic Dermatitis
Malassezia Infection in Atopic Dermatitis
Nomenclature of Malassezia Yeasts
Skin Colonization with Malassezia
Specific IGE Antibodies Tomalassezia
Skin Prick Tests with Malassezia
Atopy Patch Test with Malassezia
Other Immunological Responses to Malassezia
Candida Infection in Atopic Dermatitis
Candida Colonization and Atopic Dermatitis
Sensitisation to Candida Albicans
Specific Ige Tocandida
Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity to Candida Albicans
Antifungal Treatment of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Conclusion
References
8 Role of Food Allergens in Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Prevalence of Food Allergy
Genetic Factors and Atopic Dermatitis in Food Allergy
Common Food Allergens in Children and Adults
Cow’s Milk
Egg
Peanut
Soy
Fish
Shellfish
Pathophysiology of Food Allergy
Timing of Allergic Reactions in Relation to Food Intake
Role of Food Allergens in Atopic Dermatitis
Animal Models of Atopic Dermatitis
Diagnostic Investigation
Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Food Challenge
Food-Specific Ige Antibodies
Skin Prick Test
Atopy Patch Test
Prevention and Treatment
Dietary Prevention of Food Allergies and Atopic Dermatitis
Allergen Avoidance
Breast-Feeding and Maternal Elimination Diets in Infants with Atopic Dermatitis
Hypoallergenic Formulae
Soy Formula
Extensively Hydrolysed Whey- and Casein-Based Formulae
Amino Acid-Based Formula
Hypoallergenic Solid Foods
Probiotics
Prognosis
Conclusion
References
9 Role of Inhalant Allergens in Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
The Immunophenotype of Atopic Dermatitis
The Th1/ Th2 Paradigm in Ad
The Antigen Specificity of Skin Infiltrating Effector T Cells
How Does Sensitization to Inhalant Allergens Occur?
The Atopy Patch Test
The Biology of Dust Mites and Their Impact On Atopic Dermatitis
Conclusion
References
10 Itch – Pathophysiology and Treatment
Introduction
Nervous System Anditch Transmission
Sensory Cutaneous Nerves
Autonomic Cutaneous Nerves
Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis
Central Transmission and Central Sensitization
Cutaneous Neuroreceptors and Mediators: Induction of Pruritus
Histamine
Neuropeptides
Acetylcholine
Tryptase
Cutaneous Neuroreceptors and Mediators: Suppression of Pruritus
Cannabinoids
Opioids
Vanilloids and Calcineurin Inhibitors
Cytokines and Inflammatory Cells
Interleukins
Interferon Gamma
Neurotrophin-4 (Nt-4)
Eosinophils and Basophils
Platelet-Activating Factor
Leukotrienes
Trigger Factors Aggravating Pruritus Perception in Atopic Dermatitis
Scratching
Epidermal Barrier
Stress
Sweating
Microcirculation
Exogenous Factors
Management of Itch in Atopic Dermatitis (Table 10.2)
Symptomatical Topical Andsystemical Therapy
References
11 Psychosomatic Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis
The Historical Development of Psychosomatic Dermatology
Psychosomatic Aspects Ofatopic Dermatitis
The Relevance of Developmental Psychology and Personality for Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic Eczema and Life Events And/Or Stress
Psychophysiological and Psychoneuroimmunologic Aspects of Atopic Eczema
Psychosocial Burdens Due to Atopic Eczema and Chronic Dermatoses
Psychosomatic Therapyof Chronic Skin Diseases
Coping
Cognitive Behavioural Psychotherapy (Cbt)
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Psychotropic Medication
References
12 Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis Patients
Historical Development Inquality of Life Assessment
Definition of Quality of Life
Recording Quality of Life
Quality of Life in Atopic Dermatitis
Quality of Life for Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Quality of Life in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Compared to Other Skin Diseases
Quality of Life in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Compared to Other Chronic Diseases
Predictors of Quality of Life
Notes for Practice
Further Perspectives
References
13 General Management of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis
Education of Patients and Caregivers
Psychosocial Issues in the Context of General Management of Atopic Dermatitis
Avoidance of Irritants
Avoidance of Allergens
Skin Hydration
Moisturizers
Practical Aspects of Usingtopical Corticosteroids
Practical Aspects of Oral Corticosteroid Therapy
Tar Preparations
Practical Aspects Ofanti-Infective Therapy
Practical Aspects of Antihistamine and Anxiolytic Therapy
Management of Recalcitrant Disease
Wet Wrap Dressings
Hospitalization
References
14 Mode of Action of Glucocorticoids
Introduction
Classification and Molecular Aspects
Chemical Structure
Potency: Assessment and Classification
Mode of Action
Molecular Mechanisms of The Glucocorticoid Receptor Activity
Percutaneous Penetration
Penetration
Resorption
Principles of Treatment
Topical Or Systemic Treatment?
Severity of Atopic Dermatitis
Location
Age of Patient
Control of Compliance
Steroid Phobia
Side Effects
Systemic Side Effects
Local Side Effects
Steroid Acne
Perioral Dermatitis
Striae Distensae
Glaucoma
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Skin Atrophy
Perspectives On Optimizing Glucocorticoid Therapy and Novel Approaches to Target The Glucocorticoid Receptor
Optimizing Treatment Regimen
Optimizing Pharmacokinetics and Biotransformation
Optimizing Formulation
Novel Pharmacological Approaches
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
15 Clinical Aspects of Glucocorticoid Treatment
Background
Biochemistry of Steroids
Actions of Topical Steroids
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
Absorption of Steroids in Different Anatomical Regions
Efficacy, Dosing, Duration, and Amount of Steroids to Be Used
Efficacy
Dosing
Infants
Children and Adults
Application Frequency Andduration of Treatment
Amount of Steroids to Be Used for Eczema Treatment
Wet Dressing
Dispensary Forms
Combinations with Antiseptics Or Antibiotics
Duration of Treatment Including Prophylactic Useof Topical Steroids
Side Effects Including Contact Allergy
Adrenal Function and Plasma Cortisol Levels
Contact Allergy to Topical Steroids
Use of Systemic Steroids
The Future of Steroids
References
16 Phototherapy of Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Uvb Phototherapy
Uva/B Phototherapy
Uva(1) Phototherapy
Photochemotherapy
Extracorporeal Photopheresis
Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
17 Antihistamines in Atopic Dermatitis
Introduction
Biology of Histamine Receptors
Histamine
General Overview of Histamine Receptors
H1 Receptors
H2, H3, and H4 Receptors
The Role of Histamine in Atopic Dermatitis
Pharmacology of Common Antihistamines
Overview
First-Generation Antihistamines
Second-Generation Antihistamines
Clinical Studies of Antihistamines in Atopic Dermatitis
Quality of Available Evidence
Review of The Efficacy of Antihistamines in Atopic Dermatitis
Positive Findings for Antihistamines in Atopic Dermatitis
Indications for Antihistamine Use in Atopic Dermatitis
Historical Prescribing Pattern
Differentially Targeted Indications
Safety of Antihistamines
Conclusions
References
18 Systemic Immunomodulation
Introduction
Azathioprine
Mechanism of Action
Treatment Regimen
Metabolism
Toxicity and Side-Effect Profile
Monitoring
Drug Interactions
Clinical Experience of Azathioprine in Atopic Dermatitis
Conclusions
Ciclosporin
Mechanism of Action
Treatment Regimen
Metabolism
Toxicity and Side-Effect Profile
Monitoring
Drug Interactions
Clinical Experience with Ciclosporin in Treating Atopic Dermatitis
Conclusions
Methotrexate
Mechanism of Action
Treatment Regimen
Metabolism
Toxicity and Side-Effect Profile
Monitoring
Drug Interactions
Clinical Experience with Methotrexate in Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
Conclusions
Mycophenolate Mofetil
Mechanism of Action
Treatment Regimen
Metabolism
Toxicity and Side-Effect Profile
Monitoring
Drug Interactions
Clinical Experience in Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
Conclusions
References
19 Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Introduction
Origin of Calcineurin Inhibitors
Mode of Action of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Potential Systemic Exposure By Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Clinical Studies of Atopic Dermatitis with Topical Calcineurin Inhibitors
Short-Term Studies with Tacrolimus Ointment
Placebo-Controlled Studies
Tacrolimus Versus Topical Corticosteroids
Tacrolimus Ointment Versuspimecrolimus Cream
Long-Term Studies with Tacrolimus Ointment
Safety and Efficacy
Pharmacokinetics of Topical Tacrolimus
Adverse Events After Tacrolimus Treatment
Restoration of Collagen Synthesisby Tacrolimus Monotherapy
Tacrolimus Ointment and Skin Cancer
Short-Term Studies with Pimecrolimus Cream
Pimecrolimus Versus Placebo
Pimecrolimus Versus Corticosteroids
Long-Term Studies with Pimecrolimus Cream
Pharmacokinetics of Pimecrolimus Cream
Adverse Events with Pimecrolimus Cream
Pimecrolimus and Cancer
Oral Pimecrolimus for Atopic Dermatitis
Do Topical Immunomodulators Have An Effect On The Natural History of Atopic Dermatitis?
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
20 Possible Clinical Associations of Atopic Dermatitis with Bronchial Asthma
Introduction
Atopic Dermatitis is A T-Cell-Mediated Inflammation Exacerbated By An Impaired Barrier Function of The Skin
Clinical Forms of Atopicairway Disease
Mouse Models Forallergic Diseases
Effect of Exposure Routeson Lung Inflammation Andairway Hyperreactivity
Human Studies On Prevention Or Reversal of The Atopic March
Effect of Topical Calcineurin Inhibitor in Patients with Ad and Atopic Airway Disease
References
21 Experimental Therapeutic Strategies for The Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis
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Tags: Sakari Reitamo, Thomas A Luger, Martin Steinhoff, Textbook, Atopic, Dermatitis