Supersymmetry and string theory beyond the standard model 1st Edition by Michael Dine ISBN 9780521858410 0521858410

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ISBN 10: 0521858410
ISBN 13: 9780521858410
Author: Michael Dine

Supersymmetry and string theory beyond the standard model 1st Edition Table of contents:

Part 1 Effective field theory: the Standard Model, supersymmetry, unification

1 Before the Standard Model

Suggested reading

2 The Standard Model

2.1 Yang–Mills theory

2.2 Realizations of symmetry in quantum field theory

2.2.1 The Goldstone phenomenon

2.2.2 Aside: choosing a vacuum

2.2.3 The Higgs mechanism

2.2.4 Goldstone and Higgs phenomena for non-Abelian symmetries

2.2.5 Confinement

2.3 The quantization of Yang–Mills theories

2.3.1 Gauge fixing in theories with broken gauge symmetry

2.4 The particles and fields of the Standard Model

2.5 The gauge boson masses

2.6 Quark and lepton masses

Suggested reading

Exercises

3 Phenomenology of the Standard Model

3.1 The weak interactions

3.2 The quark and lepton mass matrices

3.3 The strong interactions

3.3.1 Asymptotic freedom

3.4 The renormalization group

3.5 Calculating the beta function

3.6 The strong interactions and dimensional transmutation

3.7 Confinement and lattice gauge theory

3.7.1 Wilson’s formulation of lattice gauge theory

3.8 Strong interaction processes at high momentum transfer

3.8.1 e+e Annihilation

3.8.2 Jets in e+e annihilation

3.8.3 Deep inelastic scattering

3.8.4 Other high momentum processes

Suggested reading

Exercises

4 The Standard Model as an effective field theory

4.0.1 Integrating out the W and Z bosons

4.0.2 What might the Standard Model come from?

4.1 Lepton and baryon number violation

4.1.1 Dimension five: lepton number violation and neutrino mass

4.1.2 Other symmetry-breaking dimension-five operators

4.1.3 Irrelevant operators and high-precision experiments

4.1.4 Dimension-six operators: proton decay

4.2 Challenges for the Standard Model

4.2.1 A puzzle at the renormalizable level

4.3 The hierarchy problem

4.4 Dark matter and dark energy

4.5 Summary: successes and limitations of the Standard Model

Suggested reading

5 Anomalies, instantons and the strong CP problem

5.1 The chiral anomaly

5.1.1 Applications of the anomaly in four dimensions

5.1.2 Return to QCD

5.2 A two-dimensional detour

5.2.1 The anomaly in two dimensions

5.2.2 Path integral computation of the anomaly

5.2.3 The CPN model: an asymptotically free theory

5.2.4 The large-N limit

5.2.5 The role of instantons

5.3 Real QCD

5.3.1 The theory and its symmetries

5.3.2 Instantons in QCD

5.3.3 Physical interpretation of the instanton solution

5.3.4 QCD and the U(1) problem

5.4 The strong CP problem

5.4.1 The θ-dependence of the vacuum energy

5.4.2 The neutron electric dipole moment

5.5 Possible solutions of the strong CP problem

5.5.1 When mu = 0

5.5.2 Spontaneous CP violation

5.5.3 The axion

Suggested reading

Exercises

6 Grand unification

6.1 Cancellation of anomalies

6.2 Renormalization of couplings

6.3 Breaking to SU(3) × SU(2) × U(1)

6.4 SU(2) × U(1) breaking

6.5 Charge quantization and magnetic monopoles

6.6 Proton decay

6.7 Other groups

Suggested reading

Exercises

7 Magnetic monopoles and solitons

7.1 Solitons in 1 + 1 dimensions

7.2 Solitons in 2 + 1 dimensions: strings or vortices

7.3 Magnetic monopoles

7.4 The BPS limit

7.5 Collective coordinates for the monopole solution

7.6 The Witten effect: the electric charge in the presence of Theta

7.7 Electric–magnetic duality

Suggested reading

Exercises

8 Technicolor: a first attempt to explain hierarchies

8.1 QCD in a world without Higgs fields

8.2 Fermion masses: extended technicolor

8.3 Precision electroweak measurements

Suggested reading

Exercises

Part 2 Supersymmetry

9 Supersymmetry

9.1 The supersymmetry algebra and its representations

9.2 Superspace

9.3 N = 1 Lagrangians

9.4 The supersymmetry currents

9.5 The ground-state energy in globally supersymmetric theories

9.6 Some simple models

9.6.1 The Wess–Zumino model

9.6.2 A U(1) gauge theory

9.7 Non-renormalization theorems

9.8 Local supersymmetry: supergravity

Suggested reading

Exercises

10 A first look at supersymmetry breaking

10.1 Spontaneous supersymmetry breaking

10.1.1 The Fayet–Iliopoulos D term

10.2 The goldstino theorem

10.3 Loop corrections and the vacuum degeneracy

10.4 Explicit, soft supersymmetry breaking

10.5 Supersymmetry breaking in supergravity models

Suggested reading

Exercises

11 The Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model

11.1 Soft supersymmetry breaking in the MSSM

11.1.1 Cancellation of quadratic divergences in gauge theories

11.2 SU(2) × U(1) breaking

11.3 Why is one Higgs mass negative?

11.4 Radiative corrections to the Higgs mass limit

11.5 Embedding the MSSM in supergravity

11.6 The term

11.7 Constraints on soft breakings

11.7.1 Direct searches for supersymmetric particles

11.7.2 Constraints from rare processes

Suggested reading

Exercises

12 Supersymmetric grand unification

12.1 A supersymmetric grand unified model

12.2 Coupling constant unification

12.3 Dimension-five operators and proton decay

Suggested reading

Exercises

13 Supersymmetric dynamics

13.1 Criteria for supersymmetry breaking: the Witten index

13.2 Gaugino condensation in pure gauge theories

13.3 Supersymmetric QCD

13.4 N < N: a non-perturbative superpotential

13.4.1 The Lambda -dependence of the superpotential

13.5 The superpotential in the case N < N – 1

13.6 N = N – 1: the instanton-generated superpotential

13.6.1 An application of the instanton result: gaugino condensation

Suggested reading

Exercises

14 Dynamical supersymmetry breaking

14.1 Models of dynamical supersymmetry breaking

14.1.1 The (3, 2) model

14.2 Particle physics and dynamical supersymmetry breaking

14.2.1 Gravity mediation and dynamical supersymmetry breaking: anomaly mediation

14.2.2 Low-energy dynamical supersymmetry breaking: gauge mediation

Minimal Gauge Mediation (MGM)

Suggested reading

Exercises

15 Theories with more than four conserved supercharges

15.1 N = 2 theories: exact moduli spaces

15.2 A still simpler theory: N = 4 Yang–Mills

15.3 A deeper understanding of the BPS condition

15.3.1 N = 4 Yang–Mills theories and electric–magnetic duality

15.4 Seiberg–Witten theory

Suggested reading

Exercises

16 More supersymmetric dynamics

16.1 Conformally invariant field theories

16.2 More supersymmetric QCD

16.3 N = N

16.3.1 Supersymmetry breaking in quantum moduli spaces

16.3.2 N = N + 1

16.4 N > N + 1

16.5 N ≥ 3/2N

Suggested reading

Exercises

17 An introduction to general relativity

17.1 Tensors in general relativity

17.2 Curvature

17.3 The gravitational action

17.4 The Schwarzschild solution

17.5 Features of the Schwarzschild metric

17.6 Coupling spinors to gravity

Suggested reading

Exercises

18 Cosmology

18.1 A history of the universe

Suggested reading

Exercises

19 Astroparticle physics and inflation

19.1 Inflation

19.1.1 Fluctuations: the formation of structure

19.1.2 Models of Inflation

19.1.3 Constraints on reheating: the gravitino problem

19.2 The axion as dark matter

19.3 The LSP as the dark matter

19.4 The moduli problem

19.5 Baryogenesis

19.5.1 Baryogenesis through heavy particle decays

19.5.2 Electroweak baryogenesis

19.5.3 Leptogenesis

19.5.4 Baryogenesis through coherent scalar fields

19.6 Flat directions and baryogenesis

19.7 Supersymmetry breaking in the early universe

19.7.1 Appearance of the baryon number

19.8 The fate of the condensate

19.9 Dark energy

Suggested reading

Exercises

Part 3 String theory

20 Introduction

20.1 The peculiar history of string theory

Suggested reading

21 The bosonic string

21.1 The light cone gauge in string theory

21.1.1 Open strings

21.2 Closed strings

21.3 String interactions

21.3.1 String theory in conformal gauge

21.4 Conformal invariance

21.5 Vertex operators and the S-matrix

21.5.1 Vertex operators

21.5.2 The S-matrix

21.5.3 Factorization

21.6 The S-matrix vs. the effective action

21.7 Loop amplitudes

Suggested reading

Exercises

22 The superstring

22.1 Open superstrings

22.2 Quantization in the Ramond sector: the appearance of space-time fermions

22.3 Type II theory

22.4 World sheet supersymmetry

22.5 The spectra of the superstrings

22.5.1 The normal ordering constants

22.5.2 The different sectors of the Type II theory

22.5.3 Other possibilities: modular invariance and the GSO projection

22.5.4 More on the Type I theory: gauge groups

22.6 Manifest space-time supersymmetry: the Green–Schwarz formalism

22.7 Vertex operators

Suggested reading

Exercises

23 The heterotic string

23.1 The O(32) theory

23.2 The E × E theory

23.3 Heterotic string interactions

23.4 A non-supersymmetric heterotic string theory

Suggested reading

Exercises

24 Effective actions in ten dimensions

24.0.1 Eleven-dimensional supergravity

24.0.2 The IIA and IIB supergravity theories

24.0.3 Ten-dimensional Yang–Mills theory

24.1 Coupling constants in string theory

24.1.1 Couplings in closed string theories

24.1.2 The coupling is not a parameter in string theory

24.1.3 Effective Lagrangian argument

24.1.4 World sheet coupling of the dilaton

Suggested reading

Exercise

25 Compactification of string theory I. Tori and orbifolds

25.1 Compactification in field theory: the Kaluza–Klein program

25.1.1 Generalizations and limitations of the Kaluza–Klein program

25.2 Closed strings on tori

25.3 Enhanced symmetries

25.4 Strings in background fields

25.4.1 The beta function

25.4.2 More general tori

25.5 Bosonic formulation of the heterotic string

25.6 Orbifolds

25.6.1 Discrete symmetries

25.6.2 Modular invariance, interactions in orbifold constructions

25.7 Effective actions in four dimensions for orbifold models

25.7.1 Couplings and scales

25.8 Non-supersymmetric compactifications

Suggested reading

Exercises

26 Compacti.cation of string theory II. Calabi–Yau compactifications

26.1 Mathematical preliminaries

26.2 Calabi–Yau spaces: constructions

26.3 The spectrum of Calabi–Yau compactifications

26.4 World sheet description of Calabi–Yau compactification

26.5 An example: the quintic in CP4

26.6 Calabi–Yau compactification of the heterotic string at weak coupling

26.6.1 Features of Calabi–Yau compactifications of the heterotic string

26.6.2 Gauge groups: symmetry breaking

26.6.3 Massless Higgs fields, or the u problem

26.6.4 Continuous global symmetries

26.6.5 Discrete symmetries

26.6.6 Further symmetry breaking: the Standard Model gauge group

26.6.7 Gauge coupling unification

26.6.8 Calculating the parameters of the low-energy Lagrangian

26.6.9 Other perturbative heterotic string constructions

Suggested reading

Exercises

27 Dynamics of string theory at weak coupling

27.1 Non-renormalization theorems

27.1.1 Non-renormalization theorems for world sheet perturbation theory

27.1.2 Non-renormalization theorems for string perturbation theory

27.2 Fayet–Iliopoulos D-terms

27.3 Gaugino condensation

27.4 Obstacles to a weakly coupled string phenomenology

Suggested reading

28 Beyond weak coupling: non-perturbative string theory

28.1 Perturbative dualities

28.2 Strings at strong coupling: duality

28.3 D-branes

28.3.1 Brane charges

28.3.2 Brane actions

28.4 Branes from T-duality of Type I strings

28.4.1 Orientifolds

28.5 Strong–weak coupling dualities: the equivalence of different string theories

28.6 Strong–weak coupling dualities: some evidence

28.6.1 IIA→ eleven-dimensional supergravity (M theory)

28.6.2 IIB self-duality

28.6.3 Type I –O(32) duality

28.7 Strongly coupled heterotic string

28.7.1 Compactification of the strongly coupled heterotic string

28.8 Non-perturbative formulations of string theory

28.8.1 Matrix theory

28.8.2 The AdS/CFT correspondence

A little more general relativity: anti-de Sitter space

Maldacena’s conjecture

Suggested reading

Exercises

29 Large and warped extra dimensions

29.1 Large extra dimensions: the ADD proposal

29.2 Warped spaces: the Randall–Sundrum proposal

Suggested reading

Exercise

30 Coda: Where are We Headed?

Suggested reading

Part 4 The appendices

Appendix A Two-component spinors

Appendix B Goldstone’s theorem and the pi mesons

Exercises

Appendix C Some practice with the path integral in field theory

C.1 Path integral review

C.2 Finite-temperature field theory

C.3 QCD at high temperature

Instanton effects at high temperature

C.4 Weak interactions at high temperature

C.5 Electroweak baryon number violation

Suggested reading

Exercises

Appendix D The beta function in supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory

Exercise

References

Index

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