Structured catalysts and reactors 2nd Edition by Andrzej Cybulski, Jacob A Moulijn ISBN 0824723430 9780824723439

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ISBN 10: 0824723430 
ISBN 13: 9780824723439
Author: Andrzej Cybulski, Jacob A Moulijn

Structured catalysts and reactors 2nd Table of contents:

1 The Present and the Future of Structured Catalysts: An Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Monolithic Catalysts
1.3 Arranged Catalysts
1.4 Membrane Reactors
1.5 The Future of Structured Catalysts
References
Part I Reactors with Structured Catalysts Where no Convective Mass Transfer Over a Cross Section of the Reactor Occurs (Monolithic Catalysts = Honeycomb Catalysts)
2 Ceramic Catalyst Supports for Gasoline Fuel
2.1 Historical Background
2.1.1 U.S. Clean Air Act
2.1.2 Cercor® Technology
2.2 Requirements for Catalyst Supports
2.2.1 Pellets vs.Honeycomb Supports
2.2.2 Substrate Requirements
2.3 Design/Sizing of Catalyst Supports
2.3.1 Geometric Properties of Square Cell Substrates
2.3.2 Geometric Properties of Triangular Cell Substrates
2.3.3 Geometric Properties of Hexagonal Cell Substrates
2.3.4 Comparison of Ceramic Substrates
2.3.5 Sizing of Catalyst Supports
2.4 Physical Properties of Catalyst Supports
2.4.1 Thermal Properties
2.4.2 Mechanical Properties
2.5 Physical Durability
2.5.1 Packaging Design
2.5.2 Mechanical Durability
2.5.3 Thermal Durability
2.6 Advances in Catalyst Supports
2.6.1 Ceramic
2.6.2 Metallic
2.7 Applications
2.7.1 Underbody Converter
2.7.2 Heavy-Duty Gasoline Truck Converter
2.7.3 Close-Coupled Converter
2.8 Summary
References
3 Metal and Coated Metal Catalysts
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Bulk Metal Catalysts
3.2.1 Metal Powders, Granules, and Shaped Structures
3.2.2 Metal Gauze Catalysts
3.2.3 Gauze Improvements
3.2.4 Other Shaped Structures
3.3 Coated Metal Substrates
3.3.1 Monolith Design and Fabrication
3.3.2 Principles of Coating Metal Substrates
3.4 Coated Metal Catalyst Applications
3.4.1 Automotive Applications
3.4.1.1 Historical Background
3.4.1.2 Underbody Catalysts
3.4.1.3 Starter Catal sts
3.4.1.4 Preturbo Catalysts
3.4.1.5 Electrically Heated Catalysts
3.4.1.6 Motorc cle Catal sts
3.4.1.7 Particulate and NOx Control
3.4.2 Nonautomotive Applications
3.4.2.1 Environmental Applications
3.4.2.1.1 Oxidation of VOCs
3.4.2.1.2 Reduction of NOx
3.4.2.2 Small Coated Metal Structures
3.4.2.3 Miscellaneous Applications
3.5 Conclusions
References
4 Autocatalysts: Past, Present, and Future
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Historical Development
4.2.1 Background
4.2.2 Legislative Requirements
4.3 Catalyst Types
4.3.1 Monolithic Honeycombs
4.3.2 Substrate Materials
4.4 Three-Way Catalyst Compositions
4.5 Catalyst Coating Processes
4.6 Catalyst Canning
4.7 Autocatalysts in Operation
4.7.1 Kinetics of Operation
4.7.2 Thermal Stability
4.7.3 Effects of Poisons
4.7.4 Unregulated Emissions
4.8 Diesel Catalysts
4.8.1 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
4.8.2 Continuously Regenerating Trap
4.9 Compressed Natural Gas Engine Catalysts
4.10 Motorcycle Catalysts
4.11 Future Trends
4.11.1 On-Board Diagnostics
4.11.2 Lower Emission Requirements
4.11.2.1 Electrically Heated Catalysts
4.11.2.2 Catalyst Systems
4.11.2.2.1 Underfloor Catalyst
4.11.2.2.2 Starter with Underfloor
4.11.2.2.3 Close-Coupled Catalysts
4.11.2.3 Low-Light-Off Catalysts
4.11.2.4 Hydrocarbon Traps
4.11.2.5 Burner-Assisted Warm-Up
4.11.3 Operation Under Lean Conditions
4.11.3.1 NOx Control Under Lean Conditions
4.11.3.1.1 Direct Decomposition of NOx
4.11.3.1.2 NOx Reduction Under Net Oxidizing Conditions
4.11.3.1.3 NOx Storage and Release
4.11.3.1.4 NOx Control in Diesel Engines
4.12 Conclusions
References
5 Treatment of Volatile Organic Carbon (VOC) Emissions from Stationary Sources: Catalytic Oxidation of the Gaseous Phase
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Potential Sources of Voc Emissions
5.2.1 Storage Facilities
5.2.2 Drying Processes
5.2.3 Pressure Relief and Safety Systems
5.2.4 Gas Venting
5.2.5 Painting Booths and Related Surface Coating Processes
5.3 Choice of Technology
5.3.1 Thermal Incineration
5.3.2 Chemical Scrubbing
5.3.3 Adsorption
5.3.4 Catalytic Oxidation of VOCs in THE Gaseous Phase
5.3.5 Condensation of VOCs
5.3.6 Photo-Oxidation of VOCs
5.3.7 Further Considerations
5.4 Catalytic Oxidation of Vocs in the Gaseous Phase
5.4.1 Flow Schematics
5.4.1.1 Single Bed with a Preheat Exchanger
5.4.1.2 Multiple Beds Operating in Cyclic Mode with Regenerative Heat Exchange
5.4.2 Reactor Modeling
5.4.3 Transient Operation Issues
5.4.3.1 During Normal Operations
5.4.3.2 During Start-Up
5.4.3.3 Deactivation of the Catalyst
5.4.4 Temperature Uniformity of Gases Contacting THE Catalyst and Thermal Stresses
5.4.5 Catalytic Unit:Choice of Catalyst and Support Structure, Deactivation, and Guard Bed
5.4.5.1 Platinum
5.4.5.2 Palladium
5.4.5.3 Metal Oxides
5.4.5.4 Perovskites
5.4.5.5 support structures
5.4.5.6 Guard Beds
5.4.6 Environmental and Safety Issues
5.4.6.1 Operating Pressure
5.4.6.2 Steam Plume and Stack Exit Velocity
5.4.6.3 Operating Below Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)
5.4.6.4 Catalyst Disposal
5.4.6.5 Burner Safety Systems
5.4.6.6 Residual Emissions from the Catalytic Oxidizer
5.4.7 Pilot-Scale Trials
5.5 Adsorption of Voc Emissions: A Concentration Step Prior To Catalytic Oxidation
5.5.1 Fixed-Bed Adsorber
5.5.2 Rotary Adsorber and Other Moving-Bed Configurations
5.5.3 Adsorption Combined WITH Incineration IN A Single Fixed Bed
5.5.4 Adsorption-Catalytic Reverse Flow Processes for Oxidation of VOCs
5.6 Case Studies
5.7 Future Outlook
5.7.1 Destruction of Chlorinated Volatile Organics
5.7.2 Catalytic Filters
5.7.3 Oxidation of Benzene OVER Hydrophobic Cryptomelane-Type Octahedral Molecular Sieves
5.7.4 Oxidation of O-Xylene Over Pt and Pd Catalysts Supported on Zeolites
5.7.5 Use of Perovskites as VOC Oxidation Catalysts
5.7.6 High-Temperature and Short Contact Time VOC Catalytic Incinerator
5.7.7 Integrated Catalytic/Adsorption Processes for Destruction of VOCs
5.7.8 Oxidation of VOCson Gold/Cerium Oxide Catalysts
Acknowledgment
References
6 Monolithic Catalysts for NOx Removal from Stationary Sources
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Scr Process
6.2.1 Background
6.2.1.1 SCR Chemistry
6.2.1.2 SCR Catalysts
6.2.1.3 SCR Reactor Configurations for Power Plants
6.2.1.4 SCR Process for Gas Turbine Applications (GTNOx)
6.2.2 Commercial Monolith-Shaped SCR Catalysts
6.2.2.1 Honeycomb Catalysts
6.2.2.2 Plate-Type Catalysts
6.2.2.3 Other Catalysts
6.2.3 Catalytic Behavior of SCR Monolithic Catalysts and Kinetics of SCR Reactions
6.2.3.1 Effects of the Operating Variables
6.2.3.2 Mechanism of the SCR Reaction
6.2.3.3 Steady-State Kinetics of the SCR Reaction
6.2.3.4 Unsteady Kinetics of the De-NOx Reaction
6.2.3.5 Inter- and Intraphase Mass Transfer Limitations in SCR Monolithic Catalysts
6.2.4 Modeling of SCR Monolithic Reactors
6.2.4.1 Steady-State Modeling of the SCR Reactor
6.2.4.2 Interaction between De-NOx Reaction and SO2 Oxidation
6.2.5 SCR Catalyst and Reactor Design
6.2.5.1 Effect of Catalyst Morphology
6.2.5.2 Effect of Monolith Geometry
6.2.5.3 Effect of Ammonia Inlet Maldistribution
6.2.6 Unsteady Operation of SCR Catalysts
6.2.6.1 Modeling of SCR Monolith Catalysts Under Unsteady Conditions
6.2.6.2 Reverse-Flow SCR
6.2.6.3 SCR by Ljungstroem Air Heater
6.3 SconoxTm Process
Acknowledgment
References
7 Catalytic Fuel Combustion in Honeycomb Monolith Reactors
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Emissions
7.1.1.1 Nitrogen Oxides Formation
7.1.2 Emission Abatement Strategies
7.2 Gas Turbine
7.2.1 LOW-NOX COMBUSTORS
7.3 Catalytic Combustion
7.3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics
7.3.2 Modeling of Monolith Combustion Catalysts
7.3.3 Fuel Effects
7.3.4 catalytic Combustion Chamber
7.3.4.1 Requirements
7.3.4.2 System Configurations
7.3.5 Other Applications of Catalytic Combustion
7.4 Catalyst Materials
7.4.1 Monolith Substrate
7.4.2 Washcoat Materials
7.4.3 Active Components
7.5 Commercial Status
7.6 Future Trends
References
8 Monolithic Catalysts for Gas-Phase Syntheses of Chemicals
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Applications of Monolithic Catalysts To Short Contact Time Reactors
8.2.1 Background
8.2.2 Oxidative Dehydrogenation
8.2.2.1 Low-Temperature Applications
8.2.2.2 High-Temperature Applications
8.2.3 Catalytic Partial Oxidation
8.2.3.1 Partial Oxidation of Methane to Synthesis Gas
8.2.3.2 Partial Oxidation of Ethane and Propane to Synthesis Gas
8.2.3.3 Partial Oxidation of Liquid Fuels to Synthesis Gas
8.2.4 other Reactions
8.2.4.1 Alkanes to Oxygenates
8.2.4.2 Hydrogen Cyanide Production
8.2.4.3 Reactions for Gas Generation
8.3 Applications of Monolithic Catalysts Based on Low Pressure Drop Characteristics
8.3.1 Generalities
8.3.2 Examples
8.3.2.1 Catalytic Postreactors
8.3.2.1.1 NH3 Oxidation
8.3.2.1.2 Phthalic Anhydride Production
8.3.2.1.3 Methanol to Formaldehyde
8.3.2.2 Replacement of Radial Flow Catalytic Reactors
8.3.2.2.1 Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene to Styrene
8.4 Applications of Monolithic Catalysts To Reactions with Important Intraparticle Mass Transfer Effects
8.4.1 Background
8.4.2 Examples
8.4.2.1 Methanation
8.4.2.2 Methanol-to-Gasoline Process
8.4.2.3 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
8.4.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide Production
8.5 Applications of Monolithic Catalysts with Heat Exchange
8.5.1 Background
8.5.2 monoliths with External Heat Exchange
8.5.2.1 Steam Reforming of π-Hexane
8.5.2.2 Selective Oxidations in Extruded Honeycomb Monoliths
8.5.2.2.1 Simulation Studies
8.5.2.2.2 Experimental Studies
8.5.2.2.3 Patents
8.5.2.3 Selective Oxidations in Structured Catalysts with Other Shapes
8.5.3 Monoliths with Internal Heat Exchange
8.5.3.1 Steam Cracking of Naphtha
8.5.3.2 Autothermal Steam Reforming
8.6 Summary and Conclusions
References
9 Modeling of Automotive Exhaust Gas Converters
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of Relevant Transport Phenomena
9.3 General Model Equations
9.4 Light-Off Studies From A Viewpoint of Heat Transfer
9.5 Reaction Kinetics in Automotive Converters
9.5.1 Development of a Transient Kinetic Model for Three-Way Catalysts
9.5.1.1 Preliminary Considerations
9.5.1.2 Construction of the Kinetic Model from the Various Submodels
9.5.1.3 Validation of the Kinetic Model
9.5.2 kinetics for NOx storage/ Release Catalysts
9.5.2.1 General Description of the NOx Storage/Reduction Mechanism
9.5.2.2 Factors Influencing the NOx Storage/Reduction Mechanism
9.5.2.3 Sulfur Poisoning
9.5.2.4 Elementary Step Kinetics of NOx Storage and Release/Reduction
9.5.2.5 Further Developments for NSR Catalysts
9.6 Outlook
Subscripts
References
10 Monolithic Catalysts for Three-Phase Processes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Features of Monolith Reactors in Catalytic Gas-Liquid Reactions
10.3 Comparison Between Monolith and Some Conventional Reactors
10.4 Application of Monolith Reactors in Three-Phase Processes
10.4.1 Chemical Industry:Hydrotreating, Syntheses with Hydrogen
10.4.2 Chemical Industry:Hydrogenations
10.4.3 Chemical Industry:Miscellaneous
10.4.4 Environmental
10.4.5 Biotechnology
10.5 Future Perspectives
References
11 Two-Phase Segmented Flow in Capillaries and Monolith Reactors
11.1 Introduction
11.2 General Description of Two-Phase Flow in Capillary Channels
11.2.1 defining Small Channels
11.2.2 observed Flow Patterns
11.2.3 Flow Transitions
11.3 Fundamentals of Elongated Bubbles in Capillaries
11.3.1 Lubrication Analysis of Viscous and Interfacial Stresses
11.3.2 Marangoni Effects
11.3.3 Numerical Analysis
11.3.4 Inertial Effects
11.3.5 Gravitational Effects
11.3.6 Square Capillaries
11.3.7 Liquid Film Thickness
11.3.8 Bubble Shape
11.3.9 Velocity of Taylor Bubbles
11.3.10 Streamline Patterns in Liquid Slugs
11.4 Pressure Drop
11.4.1 Hydrodynamic Stability
11.5 Mass Transfer
11.5.1 Physical Absorption of Gas
11.5.2 Liquid-to-Wall Mass Transfer
11.5.3 Mass Transfer Under Reacting Conditions
11.6 Residence Time Distribution
11.7 Scale-Up of Capillaries To Monoliths
11.7.1 Hydrodynamic Stability
11.7.2 Residence Time Distribution
11.8 Final Remarks
Notation
Dimensionless groups
Subscripts
References
12 Modeling and Design of Monolith Reactors for Three-Phase Processes
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Monolith Reactors Versus Conventional Reactors: A Qualitative Comparison
12.2.1 general Description
12.2.2 heat Transfer
12.2.3 Mode of Operation, Circulation Pattern
12.2.4 Power Requirements
12.2.5 Mass Transfer
12.2.6 Catalyst and Catalyst Handling
12.2.7 Reactor Productivity
12.2.8 Safety
12.3 Scale-Up
12.4 Modeling of Monolith Reactors
12.4.1 General Description
12.4.2 Conversion in a Monolith Channel
12.4.2.1 Dynamic Model
12.4.2.2 Pseudo-Steady-State Model
12.4.3 Recirculation of Gas and Liquid
12.4.4 Residence Time Distribution
12.5 Monolith Reactors Versus Conventional Reactors: Two Case Studies
12.5.1 Monolith Reactors versus Mechanically Agitated Slurry Reactors
12.5.1.1 Reaction Network
12.5.1.2 Operating Conditions
12.5.1.3 Design Parameters
12.5.1.4 Numerical Methods
12.5.1.5 Results and Discussion
12.5.1.6 Conclusions
12.5.2 monolith Reactors versus Trickle-Bed Reactors
12.5.2.1 General Remarks
12.5.2.2 Catalyst Geometry
12.5.2.3 Pressure Drop
12.5.2.4 Design and Operating Variables
12.5.2.5 Reaction Kinetics
12.5.2.6 Economic Considerations
12.5.2.7 Conclusions
12.5.2.8 Experimental Comparison
12.6 Design of Monolith Reactors
12.6.1 Reactor Scale-Up
12.6.2 Fluid Distribution
12.6.3 Space Velocity
12.6.4 Arrangement of Monoliths
12.6.5 Gas-Liquid Separation
12.6.6 Recirculation
12.6.7 Temperature Control
12.7 Alternative Designs of Monolith Reactors
12.8 Future Work
Notation
Subscripts
Superscripts
References
13 Film Flow Monolith Reactors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Hydrodynamics
13.2.1 Flow Distribution
13.2.2 Operating Window:Cocurrent Operation
13.2.3 Operating Window:Countercurrent Operation
13.2.4 Liquid Saturation
13.2.5 Pressure Drop
13.2.6 liquid-Phase Residence Time Distribution
13.3 Mass Transfer
13.3.1 Gas-Liquid Mass Transfer
13.3.2 liquid-Solid Mass Transfer
13.4 potential of monoliths in multifunctional reactors
13.5 Application Example
13.6 Conclusions
Notation
Acknowledgments
References
Part II Reactors with Structured Catalysts Where Convective Mass Transfer Over the Cross Section of the Reactor Occurs
14 Parallel-Passage and Lateral-Flow Reactors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles and Features of Parallel-Passage and Lateral-Flow Reactors
14.3 Flow and Transport Phenomena in Parallel-Passage Reactors
14.3.1 Pressure Drop
14.3.2 Mass Transfer
14.3.2.1 Mass Transfer Resistances in a PPR
14.3.2.2 lntraparticle Mass Transfer
14.3.2.3 Effective Intrabed Diffusivity with Stagnant Gas
14.3.2.4 Enhancement of Effective Intrabed Diffusivity by Axial Flow of Gas
14.3.2.5 Mass Transport Contribution by Lateral Flow
14.3.3 Catalyst Bed Utilization
14.3.4 PPR Design Considerations
14.4 Flow and Transport Phenomena in Lateral-Flow Reactors
14.4.1 Pressure Drop
14.4.2 Deviations from Plug Flow
14.4.2.1 Longitudinal Diffusion and Dispersion
14.4.2.2 Velocity Variations
14.5 Bed-Fouling Behavior with Solids-Laden Gas Streams
14.5.1 Fouling of the Parallel-Passage Reactor
14.5.2 Fouling of the Lateral-Flow Reactor
14.6 Constructional Aspects and Scaling Up
14.6.1 Construction of Reactor Modules
14.6.2 Scale-Up Aspects
14.7 Industrial Applications
14.7.1 The Shell Flue Gas Desulfurization Process
14.7.2 Simultaneous Removal of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides
14.7.3 The Shell Low-Temperature NOx, Reduction Process
14.7.4 Future Perspectives
14.8 Summary and Conclusions
Notation
Acknowledgment
References
15 Structured Packings for Reactive Distillation
15.1 Reactive Distillation
15.1.1 Introduction, Principles
15.1.2 Process Design Aspects
15.1.3 Catalyst Selection
15.2 Structured Packings
15.2.1 Requirements
15.2.2 Characteristics
15.2.3 Packing Types
15.2.4 Separation Efficiency
15.2.5 Pressure Drop and Dynamic Liquid Holdup
15.2.6 Liquid Holdup
15.2.7 Residence Time Distribution (RTD)
15.3 Applications of Structured Packings in Reactive Distillation
15.3.1 Hydrolysis of Methyl Acetate, an Equilibrium-Limited Reaction
15.3.2 Conventional Process
15.3.3 New Reactive Distillation Process
15.3.4 Utilities Consumption and Capacity Expansion
15.3.5 Other Processes
15.4 Conclusions
References
Part III Monolithic Reactors with Permeable Walls (Membrane Reactors)
16 Catalytic Filters for Flue Gas Cleaning
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Multifunctional Reactors
16.1.2 Catalytic Filters:The Basic Concept
16.2 current market of high-temperature inorganic filters
16.3 Preparation of Catalytic Filters
16.4 some application opportunities for catalytic filters
16.4.1 Coupling nox reduction and Fly-Ash Filtration
16.4.2 Removal of Dioxins and Other VOCs Coupled with Fly-Ash Filtration
16.4.3 Syngas Purification
16.4.4 Diesel Exhaust Treatment and Other Emerging Potential Applications
16.5 Some Engineering and Modeling Issues
16.6 Conclusions
References
17 Reactors with Metal and Metal-Containing Membranes
17.1 introduction
17.1.1 Short History of Membrane Reactor Development
17.1.2 Advantages of Catalyst-Membrane Systems
17.1.2.1 Independent Tuning of the Surface Concentrations of Two Initial Substances
17.1.2.2 Coupling of Hydrogen Evolution and Consumption Reactions on Monolithic Membrane Catalysts
17.1.2.3 Cocurrent and Countercurrent Regimes
17.2 reactors with metallic membranes in the form of foils and tubes
17.2.1 Properties of Metallic Membranes
17.2.2 Palladium and Palladium Alloys as Hydrogen-Permeable Membrane Catalysts of Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation
17.2.3 Silver as Oxygen-Permeable Membrane Catalyst
17.2.4 Reactors with Monolithic Palladium-Based Membranes
17.3 reactors with metal-containing membrane catalysts on different supports
17.3.1 Thin Films of Palladium and Palladium Alloys on Dense Other Metals and on Porous Supports
17.3.2 Clusters of Catalytically Active Metals in Pores of Membranes
17.3.3 Reactors with Metal-Containing Composite Membrane Catalysts
17.3.4 Systems of Metal-Containing and Granular Catalysts
17.3.5 Membrane Microreactors
17.4 Current and Potential Applications of Metal and Metal-Containing Membranes for Catalysis and Separation
17.5 conclusions
References
18 Inorganic Membrane Reactors
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Basic Features of Inorganic Membrane Reactors
18.2.1 Membrane Structure and Shape
18.2.2 Flow Patterns
18.2.3 Coupling Catalysts and Membranes
18.2.4 Major Application Opportunities
18.3 mechanisms of (selective) transport through inorganic membranes
18.4 inorganic membrane reactors for separative applications
18.4.1 Membrane Preparation
18.4.2 Some Application Case Studies
18.5 Inorganic Membrane Reactors for Nonseparative Applications
18.5.1 Membrane Preparation
18.5.2 Some Application Case Studies
18.6 Modeling of Inorganic Membrane Reactors
18.7 Conclusions
References
19 Ceramic Catalysts, Supports, and Filters for Diesel Exhaust After-Treatment
19.1 Introduction
19.1.1 Diesel Soot Formation
19.1.2 Environmental and Health Effects of Diesel Particulate Emissions
19.1.3 Strategies in Diesel Engine Emissions Control
19.2 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst for Sof, Co, and Hc Oxidation
19.3 Catalysis for Oxidation of Dry Diesel Soot
19.3.1 Direct Contact Diesel Soot Oxidation Catalysts
19.3.2 Indirect Contact Catalysts for Diesel Soot Oxidation
19.4 Design/Sizing of Diesel Particulate Filter
19.4.1 Performance Requirements
19.4.2 Composition and Microstructure
19.4.3 Cell Configuration and Plugging Pattern
19.4.4 Filter Size and Contour
19.4.5 pressure Drop Model
19.5 Physical Properties and Durability
19.5.1 Physical Properties
19.5.2 thermal Durability
19.5.3 mechanical Durability
19.6 Advances in Diesel Filters
19.6.1 improved Cordierite ‘‘Re 200/19’’ filter
19.6.2 SiC Filters
19.6.3 New Filter Designs
19.7 Applications
19.7.1 Catalytically Induced Regenerated Trap
19.7.2 Continuously Regenerated Trap
19.7.3 Combined Continuously Regenerated trap and Catalytically Regenerated Trap
19.8 Summary
Notation
References
20 Zeolite Membranes: Modeling and Application
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Zeolite Membrane Types and Applications
20.3 Permeation and Separation Modeling
20.4 Transport Through Zeolite Layer
20.4.1 Gas/Vapor Permeation
20.4.1.1 Single Component
20.4.1.2 Ideal Selectivit
20.4.1.3 Mixtures
20.4.2 transient Permeation
20.4.2.1 Modeling
20.4.2.2 Characterization of Zeolite Membrane Properties
20.4.3 Pervaporation
20.4.3.1 Single-Component Permeation Flux
20.5 Support Effects
20.5.1 permeation Mode
20.5.2 support Thickness in Mixture Permeation
20.5.3 membrane Orientation
20.5.4 Membrane Quality Characterization:1
20.5.5 Membrane Quality Characterization:2
20.5.6 support Resistance in Pervaporation
20.6 Defects Characterization and Modeling
20.7 Zeolite Membrane Reactors
20.7.1 Inert Membranes
20.7.1.1 Selective Removal of Product
20.7.1.1.1 Equilibrium-Limited Reactions
20.7.1.1.2 Consecutive Reactions
20.7.1.1.3 Rate Enhancement
20.7.1.2 Selective Reactant Feeding
20.7.1.3 Catal st Coating
20.7.2 reactive Membranes
20.7.2.1 Equilibrium-Limited Reactions
20.7.2.2 Consecutive Reactions
20.7.3 Microdevices:Sensor Applications
20.7.4 Homogeneous Catalysis
20.8 Outlook: Concluding Remarks
Notation
References
Part IV Catalyst Preparation and Characterization
21 Transformation of a Structured Carrier into a Structured Catalyst
21.1 introduction
21.1.1 Ceramic Monoliths
21.1.1.1 Ceramic Monoliths by Extrusion
21.1.1.2 Ceramic Monoliths by Corrugation
21.1.1.3 Wall-Flow Monoliths
21.1.2 Metallic Monoliths
21.2 coating of a support layer on ceramic structured carriers
21.2.1 Washcoating
21.2.1.1 Preparation of sols
21.2.1.1.1 Hydrolytic Route
21.2.1.1.2 Nonhydrolytic Route
21.2.1.2 Washcoating Procedure
21.2.1.2.1 Alumina Washcoating
21.2.1.2.2 Washcoating of Other Materials
21.2.2 Carbon Coating
21.2.3 Deposition of an Oxide Layer on Metallic Structured Carriers
21.3 Incorporation of Catalytically Active Species
21.3.1 Impregnation
21.3.2 Adsorption and Ion Exchange
21.3.3 Precipitation or Coprecipitation
21.3.4 Deposition Precipitation
21.3.5 Sol-Gel Method
21.3.6 Slurry Dip-Coating
21.3.7 In situ synthesis (Crystallization)
21.3.8 Addition of Catalytic Species to the Mixture for Extrusion
21.3.9 Immobilization
21.3.10 Other Coating Techniques
21.4 concluding remarks
References
22 Structuring Catalyst Nanoporosity
22.1 Road Works in Catalysis
22.2 Porous Catalysts
22.3 From Randomness To Structured Nanoporosity
22.4 Hierarchically Structured Porous Catalysts
22.4.1 Nano-Engineered Porous Catalysts
22.4.2 Designing and Building Highway Networks
22.5 Conclusions and Outlook

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