Solar Cell Nanotechnology 1st Edition by Atul Tiwari, Rabah Boukherroub, Maheshwar Sharon ISBN 111868625X 9781118686256

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ISBN 10: 111868625X
ISBN 13: 9781118686256
Author: Atul Tiwari, Rabah Boukherroub, Maheshwar Sharon

Solar Cell Nanotechnology 1st Table of contents:

Part 1 Current Developments
1 Design Considerations for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Background
1.1.2 Theory
1.1.2.1 Photovoltaic Processes in Donor-Acceptor (D-A) System
1.1.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Diagram of a PV Cell under Illumination
1.1.2.3 Parameters Governing Performance of Solar Cells
1.2 Role of Interfacial Layer for Efficient BHJ Solar Cells
1.2.1 Role of Interfacial Layer on Voc
1.2.2 Infl uence on Active Layer Vertical Morphology Based on underneath Interfacial Layer
1.2.3 Light Trapping Strategies and Plasmonic Effects for Efficient Light Harvesting
1.2.4 Morphology Control of Active Layer and ETL by Processing
1.3 Selection of Interfacial Layer for Stable and Longer Lifetime
1.3.1 Stability of Active Layer Materials
1.3.2 Stability of Metal Electrodes
1.3.3 Stability of Transparent Electrode
1.3.4 Stability by Electron Transport Layers (ETLs)
1.3.5 Stability by Hole Transport Layers (HTLs)
1.4 Materials Used as Interfacial Layer
1.4.1 Conventional Solar Cell Devices
1.4.1.1 Cathode and Electron Transport Layers
1.4.1.2 Anode and Hole Transport Layers
1.4.2 Inverted Device Structure
1.4.2.1 Cathode and Electron Transport Layers
1.4.2.2 Anode and Hole Transport Layers
1.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgement
References
2 Carbazole-Based Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Role of Carbazole as Donor, Auxiliary
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Carbazole as a Donor for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
2.2.1 Carbazole as Donor via C3-Position
2.2.2 Carbazole as Donor and Linked through N9-position
2.3 Carbazole as a π-Linker
2.3.1 Carbazole as a Bridge via C2, C7 Positions
2.3.2 Carbazole as a Linker via C3, C6 Positions
2.4 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor for DSSC
2.4.1 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via C2-position
2.4.2 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via C3-Position
2.4.3 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via N9-Position
2.4.4 Carbazole as Auxiliary Donor via C3, C6-positions
2.5 Carbazole as Donor as Well as Linker for DSSC
2.6 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
3 Colloidal Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals for Photovoltaic Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Synthesis of CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanocrystals
3.2.1 Ligand Shell and Colloidal Stability
3.2.2 Adjusting the Reactivity of the Precursors
3.2.3 Shape Control
3.2.4 Crystallographic Structure
3.2.5 Composition
3.3 Application of Colloidal CuInS2 and CuInSe2 Nanoparticles in Solar Energy Conversion
3.3.1 All-Inorganic Solar Cells
3.3.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Solar Cells
3.3.3 Nanocrystal Sensitized Solar Cells
3.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
4 Two Dimensional Layered Semiconductors: Emerging Materials for Solar Photovoltaics
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Material Synthesis
4.2.1 Chemical Exfoliation
4.2.2 CVD Synthesis of 2D Layered Semiconductors MoS2 and WS2
4.2.3 Material Characterization
4.3 Photovoltaic Device Fabrication
4.3.1 Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
4.3.2 Schottky Barrier Solar Cells
4.3.3 Device Characterization
4.4 Microstructural and Raman Spectroscopic Studies of MoS2 and WS2
4.5 Photovoltaic Performance Evaluation
4.5.1 BHJ Solar Cells
4.5.2 Schottky Barrier Solar Cells
4.6 Electronic Transport and Interfacial Recombination
4.6.1 BHJ Solar Cells
4.6.2 Schottky Barrier Solar Cells
4.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
5 Control of ZnO Nanorods for Polymer Solar Cells
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Preparation and Characterization of ZnO NRs
5.2.1 ZnO NRs Prepared by Hydrothermal Method
5.2.1.1 Control of HMT and Zn(NO3)2
5.2.1.2 Control of Seed Layer Synthesis and Heating Temperature
5.2.2 Morphology Control of ZnO NRs
5.2.3 Summary of ZnO NR Growth
5.3 Application of ZnO NR in Polymer Solar Cells
5.3.1 ZnO-NR/Polymer Solar Cells Based on Vertically-Aligned Zno NRs
5.3.2 ZnO NR as a Cathode Buffer Layer in Polymer Solar Cells
5.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
Part 2 Noble Approaches
6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Background
6.2.1 DSCC Operation Principle
6.2.2 DSSC Structure
6.2.3 DSSC Challenges
6.2.4 DSSC Components
6.2.4.1 Working Electrode
6.2.4.2 Dye Sensitizer
6.2.4.3 Electrolyte
6.2.4.4 Platinum-Coated Counter Electrode
6.2.4.5 Equivalent Circuit of DSSC
6.3 DSSC Key Performance Parameters
6.4 Device Improvements
6.4.1 Experimental
6.4.1.1 Working Electrode Preparation
6.4.1.2 Cell Assembly
6.4.1.3 Electrolyte Injection
6.4.2 DSSC Performance Results
6.4.2.1 TiO2 Film Thickness Optimization
6.4.2.2 Optimization of Nanoparticle Size in TiO2
6.4.2.3 Scaling Down the DSS Cell Size
6.5 DSSC Performance with Different Electrolytes
6.5.1 Liquid Electrolyte
6.5.2 Quasi-Solid Electrolyte
6.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
7 Nanoimprint Lithography for Photovoltaic Applications
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Soft Lithography
7.2.1 Soft Lithography Methods
7.2.2 Stamp Materials Used for Nanoimprint Lithography
7.3 NIL-Based Techniques for PV
7.3.1 Antireflection Layers Prepared with NIL Methods
7.3.1.1 Structured Substrates — Outside
7.3.1.2 Structured Wafers
7.3.1.3 Structured Substrates — Inside
7.3.2 NIL-Patterned Films as Etching Masks
7.3.3 NIL for Organic Solar Cell Processing
7.3.4 Plasmonic Films Prepared with NIL Methods
7.3.5 Up-Scaling Potential of NIL Processes
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
8 Indoor Photovoltaics: Efficiencies, Measurements and Design
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Indoor Radiation
8.2.1 Spectra and Intensities
8.3 Maximum Efficiencies
8.3.1 Maximum Indoor Efficiencies and Ideal Materials
8.3.2 Monochromatic Radiation
8.3.3 Intensity Effects
8.4 Optimization Strategies
8.5 Characterization and Measured Efficiencies
8.6 Irradiance Measurements
8.7 Characterization
8.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
9 Photon Management in Rare Earth Doped Nanomaterials for Solar Cells
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basic Aspects of Solar Cell
9.2.1 Mechanism of Efficiency Limitation
9.2.2 EQEs of Solar Cells
9.2.3 Photon Management Approaches to Enhance the Efficiency of Solar Cell
9.3 Up-Conversion Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application
9.3.1 Principles of Photon Up-Conversion
9.3.2 Spectroscopy Analysis and Application Demonstration
9.4 Down-Conversion Nanomaterials for Solar Cell Application
9.4.1 Principles of Photon Down-Conversion
9.4.2 Experimental and Spectroscopy Analysis
9.4.3 Evaluation
9.5 Conclusion and Outlook
9.5.1 Solution-Processable Nano-Coating for Broadband Up-Converter or Down-Converter
9.5.2 Efficient Photon Management Using Nanoplasmonic Effect
References
Part 3 Developments in Prospective
10 Advances in Plasmonic Light Trapping in Thin-Film Solar Photovoltaic Devices
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Plasmonics Basics
10.1.2 Metamaterials
10.2 Theoretical Approaches to Plasmonic Light Trapping Mechanisms in Thin-film PV
10.2.1 Optimal Cell Geometry Modeling
10.2.2 Optical Properties Simulations
10.2.3 Electrical Properties Simulations
10.3 Plasmonics for Improved Photovoltaic Cells Optical Properties
10.3.1 Light Trapping in Bulk Si Solar Cells
10.3.2 Plasmonic Light-Trapping Mechanisms for Thin-Film PV Devices
10.3.3 Experimental Results
10.4 Fabrication Techniques and Economics
10.4.1 Lithography Nanofabrication Techniques
10.4.2 Physical/Chemical Processing Techniques
10.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
11 Recent Research and Development of Luminescent Solar Concentrators
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mechanisms of Power Losses in Luminescent Solar Concentrator
11.3 Modeling
11.3.1 Thermodynamic Modeling
11.3.2 Ray Tracing Modeling
11.3.3 Hybrid of Thermodynamic and Ray-Tracing Method
11.3.4 Monte Carlo Simulations
11.4 Polymer Materials
11.5 Luminescent Materials for Luminescent Solar Concentrator
11.5.1 Organic Dyes in LSC
11.5.2 Quantum Dots
11.5.3 Rare Earth
11.5.4 Semiconducting Polymer
11.6 New Designs of Luminescent Solar Concentrator
11.7 Conclusion and Outlook
References
12 Luminescent Solar Concentrators – State of the Art and Future Perspectives
12.1 Introduction to the Third Generation of Photovoltaic Systems
12.2 Luminescence Solar Concentrators (LSCs)
12.2.1 Description of LSC Devices
12.2.2 The Efficiency and Losses Mechanism in LSC Devices
12.3 Components of LSC Devices
12.3.1 Waveguide Slab
12.3.2 Fluorophore
12.3.2.1 Organic Fluorescent Dyes
12.3.2.2 Quantum Dots
12.3.2.3 Rare-Earth Materials
12.3.3 Solar Cells
12.3.4 Experimental Results
12.4 Pathways for Improving LSC Effi ciency
12.4.1 Escape-Cone losses (PTIR)
12.4.2 Absorption Losses
12.4.3 Self Absorption Losses
12.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
13 Organic Fluorophores for Luminescent Solar Concentrators
13.1 Introduction
13.2 LSCs: Device Operation and Main Features
13.3 Luminophores in LSCs
13.3.1 Colloidal Quantum Dots (QDs)
13.3.2 Luminescent Lanthanides Chelates
13.3.3 Organic Dyes
13.4 Conclusion and Outlook
References
14 PAn-Graphene-Nanoribbon Composite Materials for Organic Photovoltaics: A DFT Study of Their Elect
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Organic Photovoltaic Technology
14.1.2 Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
14.1.3 Conjugated Polymers: Polyaniline (PAn)
14.1.4 Carbon Nanostructure: Graphene
14.1.5 Graphene Nanoribbons (GNRs)
14.1.5.1 Types of Graphene Nanoribbons
14.1.6 Nanocomposites and Their Percolation: GNR-Polyaniline Composites
14.1.7 Origin of an Equilibrium Conductance in Nanodevices
14.1.8 Singularities Due to the Quantum Confi nement of Nanostructures
14.2 Review of Computational Background
14.2.1 Modern Theoretical Methods: Ab-initio Nanocomposite Theory
14.2.2 Density Functional Theory (DFT)
14.2.3 Nonequilibrium Green’s Function (NEGF)
14.3 Atomistic Computational Simulations: Modeling and Methodology
14.3.1 Atomistix Toolkit (ATK): Ab-initio DFT Software Package for Nanosystems
14.3.2 Nanodevice Characteristics Simulation: PAn and GNR-PAn Composites
14.4 Results and Discussions
14.4.1 Device Characteristics of Chlorinated PAn
14.4.2 Device Characteristics of ZZGNR-PAn Nanocomposite
14.4.3 Device Characteristics of ACGNR-PAn Nanocomposite
14.4.4 Device Characteristics HGNR-PAn Nanocomposite
14.5 Conclusion and Outlook
References
15 Analytical Modeling of Thin-Film Solar Cells – Fundamentals and Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Basics
15.2.1 Equivalent Solar Cell Circuit and Current-Voltage Equation
15.3 Fundamental Semiconductor Equations
15.3.1 Electric Field and Free Carrier Currents
15.3.2 Steady-State Continuity Equations
15.3.3 Considerations for Excitonic Solar Cells
15.3.4 Characteristic Lengths
15.3.5 Tunneling Recombination Occurring at the Nanometer Scale
15.4 Analytical Models for Selected Solar Cells
15.4.1 Horizontal PN Junction
15.4.1.1 PN Junction under Moderately Absorbed Light
15.4.1.2 Open-Circuit Voltage Limitations
15.4.2 PN Heterojunction
15.4.3 Vertical PN Multijunction
15.4.4 Considerations for Nanorod Solar Cells
15.4.5 PIN Junction
15.4.5.1 Enhanced Uniform Field Approximation
15.4.5.2 Drift-Diffusion Model
15.5 The Importance of the Temperature Dependence of VOC
15.6 Conclusions and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
16 Efficient Organic Photovoltaic Cells: Current Global Scenario
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Current Developments in OPVs
16.2.1 Development of Low Optical Gap Materials
16.2.2 Designing of Higher IP Polymers and Lower EA Acceptors
16.2.3 Control of Blend Microstructure
16.3 Economics of Solar Energy
16.3.1 Scenario in US
16.3.2 Solar Potential in India
16.3.3 Global Solar Cell Demand
16.4 Conclusions and Future Trends in Photovoltaic
References
17 Real and Reactive Power Control of Voltage Source Converter-Based Photovoltaic Generating Systems
17.1 Introduction
17.2 State of Art
17.3 Proposed Solution
17.4 Modeling of the PV Generator
17.5 Control of the PV Generator
17.5.1 Maximum Power Point Tracking and the Perturb and Observe Algorithm
17.5.2 Control of Reactive Power Output from the PV System
17.5.3 DC Link Voltage Control for Maximum Power Extraction
17.5.4 Reference Current Generation for Voltage Source Converter
17.5.5 Decoupled Control of VSC-based PV Generating System
17.6 Validation of the Proposed Control Architecture
17.6.1 Control of Real Power Feeding of PV Generator and PCC Voltage under Reverse Power Flow in a D
17.6.2 Control of Real and Reactive Power Feedings of PV Generator
17.7 Conclusion and Outlook

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Atul Tiwari,Rabah Boukherroub,Maheshwar Sharon,Nanotechnology,Solar