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Renewable Electricity and the Grid The Challenge of Variability 1st Edition by Godfrey Boyle ISBN 1844074188 9781844074181

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Renewable Electricity and the Grid The Challenge of Variability Godfrey Boyle Digital Instant Download

Author(s): Godfrey Boyle
ISBN(s): 9781844074181, 1844074188
Edition: illustrated edition
File Details: PDF, 4.43 MB
Year: 2007
Language: english
SKU: EB-1296640 Category: Tag:

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ISBN 10: 1844074188
ISBN 13: 9781844074181
Author: Godfrey Boyle

�Integrating intermittent renewable energy sources like wind into electricity systems must be one of the most misunderstood issues in energy policy. This edited volume brings together a unique series of authoritative articles on the topic. There should be no excuse for misunderstanding from now on.� JIM SKEA, RESEARCH DIRECTOR, UK ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE �The future design and operation of electric power systems with large injections of renewable energy generation is the subject of much debate, and some misunderstanding. This timely book, from a number of authors with expertise in the area, makes an important contribution to our understanding of this topic.� NICK JENKINS, PROFESSOR OF ENERGY SYSTEMS, UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER �We know the future will be different from the past. This book predicts how large proportions of renewable energy can be incorporated into electricity grids, without harm from the natural variability of these supplies. The chapter authors have different approaches and vision, yet the overall message is positive. Not only can we move to dominant use of renewable electricity, but we can do so utilizing many technological and efficiency improvements, with consumers benefiting from clean electricity at acceptable cost.� PROFESSOR JOHN TWIDELL, GENERAL EDITOR, WIND ENGINEERING ‘Anyone interested in renewable electricity will find this book an important reference. It answers many of teh questions so often raised in public debates’ Sherkin Comment Can renewable energy provide reliable power? Will it need extensive backup? The energy available from wind, waves, tides and the sun varies in ways that may not match variations in energy demand. Assimilating these fluctuations can affect the operation and economics of electricity networks, markets and the output of other forms of generation. Is this a significant problem, or can these new sources be integrated into the grid system without the need for extensive backup or energy storage capacity? This book examines the significance of the issue of variability of renewable electricity supplies, and presents technical and operational solutions to the problem of reconciling the differing patterns of supply and demand. Its chapters are authored by leading experts in the field, who aim to explain and quantify the impacts of variability in renewable energy, and in doing so, dispel many of the myths and misunderstandings surrounding the topic.

Renewable Electricity and the Grid The Challenge of Variability 1st Table of contents:

1. Variable Renewables and the Grid: An Overview
Introduction
Renewable Energy Source Variability
Renewable Energy Sources
Variability of Power Generation
Anticyclones and Large-Scale Variability
Grid Operational Requirements
Power Demand and Supply: Daily Load Curves
Power Quality
Security of Power Supply and Planning Margins
Base Load Capacity Displacement with Increasing Wind Penetration
National Wind Characteristics and Power Generation
Wind Capacity Credit
Implications for Conventional Plant Capacity Needed
Demand Growth Scenarios with Various Penetration Levels of Wind Energy by 2020
Backup Capacity and Security of Supply
Backup Capacity and Grid Energy Demand Requirements
Conclusions
Reference

2. Wind Power on the Grid
Introduction
Electricity System Operation
The Importance of Aggregation
Managing Uncertainty
Power System Defences
Wind Characteristics
Managing a Network with Wind
Extra Reserve and Costs
Storage
Demand-Side Management
Capacity Credits
Theoretical Treatment
Effect of Calms
Results of Analysis
Wind-Induced Demands: The Cooling Power of the Wind
Total Extra Costs of Wind Energy
Wind Predictability
Wind Energy Penetration Levels Above 20 Percent
Counting the Cost at High Penetrations
Possible Roles for Storage and Hydrogen
The Influence of National and Regional Differences
The Effects of Wind Speed and Scheduling Procedures
Predictable Winds
Transmission Issues
Conclusions
References

3. Renewable Resource Characteristics and Network Integration
Introduction
Renewable Electricity Generation in the UK
Characteristics
Patterns and Variability of Renewable Energy Availability
Hour-To-Hour Variation in Output
Renewable Electricity Supply and Demand Patterns
Relationship Between Renewable Energy Availability and Demand
Impact of Renewables on Demand Variability
The Role of Wind Power in Providing Capacity on Electricity Networks
Determination of Capacity Credit
Wind Power and Backup
Other Variable Output Renewables
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Note
References

4. The UK Energy Research Centre Review of the Costs and Impacts of Intermittency
Introduction
Power System Reliability and Operation
Managing Electricity Networks without Intermittent Generation
Short-Term System Balancing Requirements
Longer-Term System Reliability Requirements
What Changes when Intermittent Generation is Added?
Impact on Short-Term System Balancing Requirements
Impact on Longer-Term System Reliability Requirements
Misconceptions and Sources of Controversy
Terminology
Misconceptions
Quantitative Findings on Impacts and Costs
History of Research on Intermittency
Early Studies: 1970S and 1980s
Methodological Refinement: The 1990s
Recent Research
General Observations on Findings
Findings for Additional System Balancing Requirements
Findings for Additional System Balancing Costs
Findings for Additional Capacity Requirements to Ensure Reliability
Additional Capacity Costs
Summary of Findings and Conclusions
General Comments
Relevance of Simulation and Empirical Studies
System Balancing Requirements
System Reliability Requirements
Total Costs
Implications and Recommendations for Policy and Further Research
Notes
References

5. Wind Power Forecasting
Introduction
Applications of Wind Power Forecasting
Steps in a Forecasting System
Numerical Weather Prediction
Different Approaches to the Power Output Forecast
Forecast Horizon
Regional Upscaling
Smoothing Effect
Forecast Accuracy
Example: The Wind Power Management System (WPMS)
‘Learning Curve’ of Forecasting Accuracy
Examples of Current Research
Improved Representation of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
Multi-Model Approach for Forecasting Methods
Multi-Model Approach for Numerical Weather Forecast Models
Prediction of the Forecast Uncertainty
Future Challenges
Acknowledgement
References

6. Flexibility of Fossil Fuel Plant in a Renewable Energy Scenario: Possible Implications for the UK
Introduction
The UK Power Plant System of Today
Advanced Generating Plants, Energy Savings and the Issue of Climate Change
Design and Operation of Coal- and Natural Gas-Powered Steam Plants
Steam Plants
Combined-Cycle Gas Turbine Generating Plants
Pseudo-Intermittency with Today’s Plants
Load following and Frequency Control
Effects on Plant Components and Reliability
‘Two-Shifting’
Intermittency and Power Plants of the Future
Post-Combustion Capture Units
Integrated Gasification Combined Cycles in a Renewable Scenario
Conclusions
References

7. The Potential Contribution of Emergency Diesel Standby Generators in Dealing with the Variability of Renewable Energy Sources
Introduction: Wessex Water
The National Grid Transco Frequency Service
The National Grid Transco Reserve Service
Reserve and Standby Generating Capacity on the UK National Grid
‘Triads’: A Revenue-Earning Opportunity
Other Benefits: Testing Diesels Off Load
Conclusions

8. Demand Flexibility, Micro-Combined Heat and Power and the ‘Informated’ Grid
Introduction
What is Needed
Overall Flattening of Day–Night Demand
Frequency Service to Cope with Failures of Large Power Plants
Conventional Short-Term Reserve Service to Cover Wind Prediction Errors
Longer Time Scale Reserve Service
What is on Offer
Domestic Refrigeration
Commercial Refrigeration
Large-Scale Water Pumping
Off-Peak Domestic Electric Heating
Domestic Micro-Combined Heat and Power
Metering and the Future
References

9. A Renewable Electricity System for the UK
Introduction
Scenario Context
Scenario Context: Dwelling Space Heating
A Sustainable Electricity System
Electricity Demands
Energy Storage
Generation
Renewable Electricity Sources
Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Optional Generation
Regional and International Linkage
System Integration and Optimization
Operational Issues
Demand and Supply Correlation
Load Management
An Optimized System: Summary
Technical
Economics
Optimized System: Demand and Technology Details
Optimized System: Hourly Performance
Conclusions
Further Analysis
Increased Demand
Different Renewable Fractions
International Electricity Context
Economics
Note
References

10. Reliable Power, Wind Variability and Offshore Grids in Europe
Where are the Wind Resources?
What Happens When the Wind does not Blow?
The Reliability of Dispersed Offshore Wind Power
Locations of Potential Offshore Wind Development and their Coordinates
Results
Variability
Effect of Wind Farm Power Output Forecasting
Delivered Cost Estimates for New Grid and Wind Farms
Results for Europe
The First Steps to an EU Supergrid: A 10GW North Sea Project Supplying the UK, The Netherlands and Germany
Generation of Wind Power Production Time Series
Allocation of North Sea Power Production
Conclusions
Reference

11. Planning for Variability in the Longer Term: The Challenge of a Truly Sustainable Energy System
Introduction
Renewable Source-Dominated Energy Supply Systems
Energy Storage and Demand-Side Management
Conclusions and Further Research

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