Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems 1st Edition by Clifford Headley, Govind Agrawal ISBN 0120445069 9780120445066
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ISBN 10: 0120445069
ISBN 13: 9780120445066
Author: Clifford Headley, Govind Agrawal
* First comprehensive guide to Raman amplification, a technique whose use has exploded since 1997 in order to upgrade fiber capacity;
* Accessible to professionals just entering the field of optical fiber telecommunications;
* Detailed enough for experts to use as a reference.
Raman Amplification in Fiber Optical Communication Systems 1st Table of contents:
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Optical Fibers
1.2 Raman Amplification
1.3 Advantages of Raman Amplification
1.3.1 Improved Noise Figure
1.3.2 Improved Gain Flatness
1.4 Concerns in Raman Amplification
1.4.1 Multipath Interference
1.4.2 Pump Noise Transfer to the Signal
1.4.3 Noise Figure Tilt
1.5 Advanced Concepts in Raman Amplification
1.5.1 Bidirectional Pumping
1.5.2 Higher Order Pumping
1.5.3 Frequency Modulated Pumps
1.5.4 Broadband SpectralWidth Pump Sources
1.6 Pump Sources
1.6.1 Diode Lasers
1.6.2 Raman Fiber Lasers
1.7 Summary of Chapters
Chapter 2 Theory of Raman Amplifiers
2.1 Pump and Signal Equations
2.1.1 Raman Gain Spectrum
2.1.2 Single-Pump Raman Amplification
2.1.3 Multiple-Pump Raman Amplification
2.2 Performance Limiting Factors
2.2.1 Spontaneous Raman Scattering
2.2.2 Rayleigh Backscattering
2.2.3 Pump-Noise Transfer
2.3 Effects of Polarization-Mode Dispersion
2.3.1 Vector Theory of Raman Amplification
2.3.2 Average Raman Gain and Signal Fluctuations
2.3.3 Probability Distribution of Amplified Signal
2.3.4 Polarization-Dependent Gain
2.4 Ultrafast Raman Amplification
2.4.1 Pulse-Propagation Equations
2.4.2 Effects of Group-Velocity Mismatch
2.4.3 Anomalous-Dispersion Regime
2.4.4 Normal-Dispersion Regime
Chapter 3 Distributed Raman Amplifiers
3.1 Benefits of Distributed Raman Amplification
3.1.1 Upgradability
3.1.2 Noise Improvements in Repeatered Systems
3.1.3 Bandwidth/Flatness
3.1.4 Gain at AnyWavelength
3.2 Beneficial Characteristics of Distributed Raman Amplifiers
3.2.1 General Benefits from the Raman Scattering Process
3.2.1.1 Simple„Intrinsic to the Fiber
3.2.1.2 Gain at AnyWavelength
3.2.1.3 Predictable Gain Coefficient
3.2.1.4 Combining PumpWavelengths
3.2.2 Noise Properties of Distributed Raman Amplifiers
3.3 Challenging Characteristics of Distributed Raman Amplifiers
3.3.1 Nonlinearities
3.3.2 Rayleigh Reflections
3.3.2.1 A Discrete Amplifier and Two Discrete Reflections
3.3.2.2 A Discrete Amplifier and Distributed Reflections (Rayleigh Reflections)
3.3.2.3 Distributed Raman Amplifier
3.3.3 Time Response
3.3.3.1 Pump-Signal Cross Talk
3.3.3.2 Signal–Pump–Signal Cross Talk
3.4 Backward Pumping
3.4.1 Wavelength Multiplexing of Pumps
3.4.2 Broadened Pumps
3.4.3 Time-Division-Multiplexed Pumps
3.5 Advanced Pumping Configurations
3.5.1 Higher Order Pumping
3.5.2 Quiet Pumps
3.6 Summary
Chapter 4 Discrete Raman Amplifiers
4.1 Basic Configuration and Its Model
4.1.1 Single-Pump Amplification
4.1.2 Multiple-Pump Amplification
4.1.3 Nonlinear Phase Shift
4.2 Gain Fibers and Material
4.2.1 Raman Properties of Germano-Silicate Fibers
4.2.2 Raman Properties of Other Fiber Materials
4.3 Design Issues of Discrete Raman Amplifier
4.3.1 Maximum Raman Gain as a Function of Fiber Length
4.3.2 Figure of Merit of Gain Fiber
4.3.3 Efficiency and Linearity
4.3.4 Pump-Mediated Noise
4.3.5 ASE Noise Figure
4.3.6 Nonlinear Effects and Double Rayleigh Backscattering Noise
4.3.7 Optimum Fiber Length and Number of Stages
4.3.8 Transient Effects
4.4 Dispersion-Compensating Raman Amplifiers
4.4.1 Dispersion-Compensating Fiber
4.4.2 DCF as a Raman Gain Fiber
4.5 Wideband Operation byWDM Pumping
4.5.1 Wide Flat Composite Gain
4.5.2 Pump SRS Tilt„Effect of Saturation
4.5.3 Signal SRS Tilt„How to Define Gain
4.5.4 Control of Gain
4.5.5 Flattening Other Parameters
Chapter 5 System Impairments
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pump Noise Transfer
5.2.1 Relative Intensity Noise
5.2.1.1 Fundamental RIN Definition
5.2.1.2 Simplified RIN Definition
5.2.2 Undepleted Model
5.2.2.1 Forward Pumping with NoWalk-off
5.2.2.2 Pump–SignalWalk-off
5.2.3 Performance Degradation Due to RIN
5.2.4 Impact of Pump Depletion
5.2.5 Measurements of RIN Transfer
5.2.6 Low RIN Pump Laser Technologies
5.2.7 Summary
5.3 Multipath Interference Penalties
5.3.1 Analysis
5.3.1.1 OSNR Due to Double Rayleigh Scattering
5.3.1.2 Transmission Impairment Due to DRS
5.3.1.3 Polarization Properties of DRS
5.3.2 Measurement of DRS Noise
5.3.2.1 Electrical Beat-Noise Measurement Technique
5.3.2.2 Time-Domain Extinction Measurement Technique
5.3.3 MPI Suppression
5.3.4 Summary
5.4 Appendix
Chapter 6 Semiconductor Pump Lasers
6.1 Technology Basis of High-Power Semiconductor Lasers
6.1.1 High-Power Semiconductor Laser Module
6.1.2 Fundamentals of High-Power Semiconductor Laser Chip
6.1.2.1 Active Region
6.1.2.2 BH Structure
6.1.2.3 Asymmetric Coating
6.1.2.4 Cavity Length
6.1.2.5 Width of Active Region
6.1.3 Other Approaches to High-Power Pump Laser
6.1.3.1 RidgeWaveguide Laser
6.1.3.2 Other Novel Structures
6.1.3.3 New Material
6.1.4 Heat Exhaustion of the Laser Chip
6.1.5 Optical Coupling System
6.1.6 Performance of 14xx-nm Pump Lasers
6.1.6.1 Characteristics of Pump Laser Module
6.1.6.2 Reliability
6.2 Semiconductor Pump Lasers for Raman Amplifiers
6.2.1 Fiber Bragg Grating Lasers
6.2.2 Fabry-Perot Lasers
6.2.3 Inner-Grating Multimode Lasers
6.2.4 Hybrid Pump
Chapter 7 Cascaded Raman Resonators
7.1 Overview
7.1.1 Pump Laser
7.1.2 Raman Fiber
7.1.3 Fiber Bragg Gratings
7.1.3.1 Photosensitivity
7.1.3.2 Grating Writing
7.2 Design of a Cascaded Raman Resonator
7.2.1 Optimization of Fiber Length, Output Coupler Reflectivity, and Splice Loss
7.2.2 Fiber Type and PumpWavelength Optimization
7.2.3 Linewidth Considerations
7.2.4 Noise Properties
7.3 Multiple Wavelength Cascaded Raman Resonators
7.3.1 Obtainable Operating Points
7.3.2 Operating Point Stability
7.3.3 Temporal Behavior of an MWRFL
7.3.4 Six-Wavelength Raman Fiber Lasers
7.3.5 Second-Order Raman Fiber Lasers
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