Quantitative EEG Event Related Potentials and Neurotherapy 1st Edition by Juri Kropotov ISBN 0123745128 9780123745125

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ISBN 10: 0123745128 
ISBN 13: 9780123745125
Author: Juri Kropotov

Quantitative EEG Event Related Potentials and Neurotherapy 1st Table of contents:

I. Glossary
II. The Place of EEG in Neuroscience and Medicine
A. Goals of Neuroscience
B. Goals of Psychiatry and Neurology
C. Phenotype and Genotype
D. MEG as a Complementary Method to EEG
E. MRI
F. PET
G. Functional MRI
H. Polarographic Recording of Brain Oxygen
III. From Neuronal Spikes Through Local Field Potentials to Scalp EEG
A. Impulse Activity of Neurons
B. Profiles of Neuronal Reactions
C. Local Field Potentials
D. Association of Local Field Potentials with Scalp EEG
E. Modern Renaissance of EEG
IV. Endophenotypes and Individual Differences
A. Biological Markers of Disease
B. Association with Functioning of Brain Systems
C. Inverted U-Law
D. Pavlov’s, Eysenk’s and Current Theories of Personality Differentiation
V. Pharmaco-QEEG
A. Goals
B. Limitations
C. New Horizons
VI. Prerequisites for Neurotherapy
A. Neurofeedback
B. Brain–Computer interface
C. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
D. TMS, DBS, and Other Stimulation Procedures
Part I: EEG Rhythms
Chapter 1 Slow, Infra-Slow Potentials, and Delta Rhythms
I. Origin of Scalp Potentials
A. Intracortical Organization
B. Membrane Potentials
C. Synaptic Transmission
D. Pyramidal Cells as Elemental Electrical Dipoles
II. Infra-Slow Oscillations
A. Spontaneous Activity
B. Preparatory Activities
III. Slow Waves of Deep Sleep
A. Up and Down States
B. Transcranial Induction of Slow Waves
IV. Delta Oscillations
A. Delta Rhythm of Sleep
B. Low Threshold Burst Mode of Thalamic Neurons
C. Pathological Delta Rhythms
V. Summary
Chapter 2 Alpha Rhythms
I. Types of Alpha Rhythms
A. Mu-Rhythms
B. Occipital Alpha Rhythms
C. Parietal Alpha Rhythm
II. Neuronal Mechanisms
A. Association with Cortical Deactivation
B. Thalamo-Cortical Circuits
C. Sleep Spindles
D. Alpha Rhythms of Wakefulness
E. High Threshold Burst Mode of Thalamic Neurons
III. Responses to Tasks
A. Event-Related Desynchronization of Mu-Rhythms to Motor Actions
B. ERD of Occipital Rhythms to Visual Stimuli
IV. Functional Meaning
A. Alpha Rhythms as Idling EEG Activity
B. Lateral Inhibition in Activation of Alpha Rhythms
V. Abnormality of Alpha Rhythms
A. Complete Absence of Alpha Rhythms
B. Alpha Rhythms in Unusual Sites
C. Alpha Asymmetry
VI. Summary
Chapter 3 Beta Rhythms
I. Types of Beta Rhythms
A. Rolandic Beta Rhythms
B. Desynchronization/Synchronization Pattern to Motor Actions
C. Frontal Beta Rhythms
D. Desynchronization/Synchronization Pattern to Cognitive Tasks
II. Neuronal Mechanisms
A. Association with Cortical Activation
B. Sensitivity to GABA Agonists
C. Inhibition in Cortical Circuits
III. Gamma Activity
A. Temporal Binding
IV. Functional Meaning
A. Beta Rhythms as Postactivation Traces
B. Reset of Information Processing
V. Abnormal Beta Rhythms
A. Need for Normative Databases
B. Cortical Irritability
VI. Summary
Chapter 4 Frontal Midline Theta Rhythm
I. Characteristics
A. Spatial Distribution
B. Personality Traits of People Generating the Rhythm
II. Neuronal Mechanisms
A. Association with Cortical Activation
B. Association with Hippocampal Theta Rhythms
C. Limbic System of Hippocampal Theta Rhythms
D. Classic Model of Hippocampal Theta Rhythms Generation
E. Involvement in Memory Operations
F. Theta Quantum
G. Hippocampus as a Map of Episodes
H. Theta Rhythm and Memory Consolidation
III. Responses to Tasks
A. Increasing with Memory Load
B. Two Types of Theta Responses
C. Appearance in Hypnosis
IV. Functional Meaning
A. Associating Two Types of Human Theta Responses with Two Types of Theta in Animals
V. Abnormal Theta Rhythms
A. Frontal Midline Theta Subtype of ADHD
B. Theta Rhythms in Non-frontal Areas
VI. Summary
Chapter 5 Paroxysmal Events
I. Spikes
A. Spatial-Temporal Characteristics
B. Automated Spike Detection
C. Intracranially Recorded Spikes
II. Neuronal Mechanisms
A. A Lack of Inhibition
B. Neurofeedback
C. Epileptology
III. Summary
Chapter 6 QEEG Endophenotypes
I. Test–Retest Reliability
II. Reflection of Functioning Brain Systems
III. Heritability
IV. Summary
Chapter 7 QEEG During Sleep
I. Anatomical Basis
A. Sleep and Wakefulness Promoting Nuclei
II. EEG Correlates of Sleep
A. REM and NREM Sleep
B. Stages of NREM Sleep
III. Functional Meaning of Sleep
A. Memory Consolidation
B. Immune System
C. Psychiatric Disorders
IV. Bispectral Index
A. Association with Anesthetic Depth
V. Summary
Chapter 8 Methods of Analysis of Background EEG
I. Anatomical Locations
II. Brodmann’s Areas
III. 10–20 International System of Electrode Placement
IV. Electrodes
V. Amplifiers
VI. EEG Digitizing
VII. Montages
A. Linked Ears Reference
B. Common Average Montage
C. Local Average Montage
VIII. Fourier Analysis
A. Spectra
B. Spectra Dynamics and Averaged Spectra
C. Relative Spectra
IX. EEG Mapping
X. Filtering
A. Low and Highpass Filters
B. FIR and IIR Filters
XI. Bispectrum
XII. Coherence
A. Physiological Meaning
B. Representations of Deviations from Normality
XIII. Event-related Desynchronization
XIV. Wavelet Transformation
XV. Blind Source Separation and ICA
A. Mathematical Formulation
B. Spatial Filters for Decomposing Independent Components
C. Independent Component Analysis Versus Principle Component Analysis
XVI. Artifact Correction by Spatial Filtration
A. Eye Movements
B. Correcting Eye Movement Artifacts
XVII. Other Types of Artifacts
A. Muscle Artifact
B. ECG Artifact
C. Cardio-Ballistic Artifact
XVIII. Forward Solution and Dipole Approximation
XIX. LORETA
A. Ambiguity of Inverse Problem
B. Matrix for Solution of the Inverse Problem
C. Minimizing the Functional
D. s-LORETA – Zero Localization Error
XX. Bold fMRI
A. Transform Model of fMRI response
XXI. Cordance
XXII. Normal Distributions and Deviation from Normality
A. Normative Database
B. Normal and Log-Normal Distributions
C. Z-Scores
XXIII. Currently Available Databases
A. NxLink
B. Neuroguide
C. SKIL
D. Neurorep
E. Novatech LORETA Database
F. BRC Database
G. HBI Database
Chapter 9 Practice
I. Introduction
A. Categories of EEG Processing
B. EEG Data Formats
C. Data Management
D. Editing and Compiling QEEG Reports
II. Ed-EEG Software
A. Installation
B. Folders for Data Processing
III. Exercises
Part II: Event-Related Potentials
Chapter 10 Sensory Systems
I. Anatomy
A. Brodmann Areas and Thalamic Nuclei
B. Topographical Organization
C. Parallel Pathways
D. Pulvinar Nucleus as Coordinator of Information Flow
II. Visual Information Flow
A. ON and OFF Receptive Fields
B. Spatial Filtration at Thalamic and Cortical Levels
C. Ventral and Dorsal Streams
D. Hierarchical Organization
E. Computational Maps
F. Schemata
G. Face Recognition
H. Multiple ERPs Components
I. Cortical Topography
J. Enhancement of N170 ERPs Component in Response to Faces
III. Decomposition of Single Trial Evoked Potentials into Independent Components
IV. Decomposition of Averaged ERPS into Single Components
A. ERP Component as a Sequence of Excitatory–Inhibitory Events (Model)
V. Auditory Information Flow
A. “What” and “Where” Streams
B. Cortical Tonotopy
C. Speech Processing
D. ICA of ERPs (HBI Database)
VI. Somato-Sensory Modality
A. Somato-Sensory and Insular Cortical Areas
VII. Change Detection
A. Functions of Change Detection
B. Mechanisms of Change Detection (Model)
C. MMN in Oddball Paradigm
D. Intracranial Correlates of MMN
E. Change Detection in Two Stimulus Discrimination Tasks
F. Modality Specificity
G. Physical and Semantic Change Detection
H. Change Detection and Motor Suppression
VIII. Types of Sensory Systems
A. U-Shape Curve of the System Reactivity
B. Augmenting and Reducing Sensory Systems
C. Auditory P2 in Augmenters and Reducers
IX. Diagnostic Values of Sensory-related ERPS Components
A. MMN
B. Comparison Component
X. Summary
Chapter 11 Attention Networks
I. Psychology
A. Attention as Selection Operation
B. Sensory Selection Versus Motor Selection
C. Preparatory Sets
D. Processing Multiple Objects
E. Engagement, Disengagement and Shift Operations
F. Bottom–Up and Top–Down Factors
II. Anatomy
A. Sensory Systems
B. Executive System
III. Modulation of Sensory Information Flow
A. Mutual Inhibition in Animal Experiments
B. Involvement of Subcortical Structures
C. Attention-Related Negativities in Human ERPs
D. Parietal-Frontal Network in PET and MRI Studies
IV. Neuropsychology
A. Sensory Neglect and Right Parietal Lesions
B. Balint’s Syndrome
V. Neuronal Networks
A. Recurrent Depolarization of Apical Dendrites
B. Attention and Arousal
C. Tonic and Phasic Reactions of Locus Coeruleus
D. Norepinephrine as Modulator of Attention
VI. Late Positive Components in ERPS
A. P3b Component
B. P3a Component
C. Diagnostic Values of P3a and P3b Components
VII. Summary
Chapter 12 Executive System
I. Psychology
A. Need for Executive Control
B. Types of Executive Operations
C. Association with Selection of Actions
II. Basal Ganglia as Dark Basements of the Brain
A. Anatomy
B. Direct Pathway
C. Intracranial Recordings in Patients
D. The Model of Action Selection
E. Dopamine as Modulator in the Basal Ganglia
F. Dysinhibition of Thalamic Neurons
G. Indirect and Hyperdirect Pathways
H. Output to the Brain Stem
I. Parallel Circuits
J. EEG in Basal Ganglia Dysfunction
III. Prefrontal Cortex and Executive Control
A. Anatomy
B. Complexity of Wiring
C. Representation of Complex Actions
D. Hyperfrontality
E. EEG Peculiarity
IV. Engagement/Disengagement Operations
A. P3b Component as Index of Engagement Operation
B. Sensory Comparison
C. Motor Inhibition
D. Action Suppression
E. Intracranial Recordings
F. N200 Motor Inhibition Component
V. Monitoring Operation
A. P400 Monitoring Component in GO/NOGO Paradigm
B. Function of ACC
C. Akinetic Mutism
D. Concept of Monitoring
E. Error-Related Negativities
VI. Working Memory
A. Active Manipulation on Memory Trace
B. Reciprocal Anatomical Pathways
C. Three Working Memory Systems
D. CNV as Correlate of Working Memory
VII. Dopamine as a Mediator of the Executive System
A. Cortical and Subcortical Distribution
B. Dopaminergic Systems
C. D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors
D. Functions of Dopaminergic Systems
VIII. Summary
Chapter 13 Affective System
I. Psychology
A. Emotions Versus Reasoning
B. Punishers and Rewards
C. Drives and Motivations
II. Anatomy
A. Limbic System
B. Papez Circuit
C. Cortical and Subcortical Elements
III. Physiology
A. Orbito-frontal Cortex as a Map of Rewards and Punishers
B. Positive Affect, Negative Affect, and Monitoring
C. Asymmetry in Maps of Emotions?
D. Amygdala
E. Medial and Anterior Nuclei of the Thalamus
F. Hypothalamus
G. Ventral Part of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
H. Neuroimaging Patterns of Emotions
I. Frontal Midline Theta Rhythm and Emotions
IV. Stages of Reactions of Affective System
A. Sensation
B. Emotional Reaction
C. Feeling Stage
D. Monitoring Stage
V. Serotonin as Mediator of Affective System
A. Functioning and Dysfunctioning of Serotoninergic System
VI. Summary
Chapter 14 Memory Systems
I. Psychology
A. Types of Memory
II. Declarative Memory
A. Anatomy
B. Encoding and Retrieval Operations
C. Neuronal Model
III. Acetylcholine as Mediator of Declarative Memory
A. Septum as an Extension of Cholinergic Ascending System
B. Hippocampal Theta Rhythm and Long-Term Potentiation
IV. ERP Indexes of Episodic Memory
A. “Old–New” Effect in Recalling Stage
B. “Remembered–Forgotten” Effect in Encoding Stage
V. Procedural Memory System
A. Action-Related Memory Versus Sensory-Related Memory
B. Anatomy of Procedural Memory
C. Basal Ganglia and Language
D. Gradual Memorization
E. ERP Correlates of Recalling from Procedural Memory
VI. Mediators of Procedural Memory
VII. Summary
Chapter 15 Methods: Neuronal Networks and Event-Related Potentials
I. Information Processing in Neuronal Networks
A. Analytic Approach
B. Networks with Lateral Inhibition
C. Spatial Filtration in Neuronal Networks
D. Enhancing Higher Spatial Frequencies in Visual System
E. Canonical Cortical Circuit
F. Inhibition as Cause of High Frequency Oscillations
G. Synaptic Depression as Source of Low Frequency Oscillations
H. Canonical Cortical Module
I. Gabor Filtration in the Canonical Cortical Model
J. Texture Encoding by the Canonical Cortical Module
K. Hierarchical Organization
L. Feedforward and Feedback Connections
M. Reflection of Recurrent Connections in ERPs
II. Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
A. Fast Transmitters
B. Slow Modulators
C. Modulator Systems
III. Methods of Analyzing ERPS
A. Averaging Technique
B. Number of Trials
C. Single Trial Representations of Independent Components
D. Alpha Ringing
E. ICA Decomposition of Grand Average ERPs
IV. Pharmaco-ERP
V. Behavioral Paradigms
A. Classification of Paradigms
B. Sensory and Attention Systems
C. Executive Functions
D. Affective System
E. Episodic Memory
Chapter 16 Practice: ERP analysis
I. Introduction
II. Designing Task
III. EdEEG Software
IV. Exercises
Part III: Disorders of the Brain Systems
Chapter 17 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
I. Description of Behavior
A. Executive Operations and ERP Components
B. Symptoms of ADHD in DSM-IV and ICD-10
II. Genetic and Environmental Factors
A. Complex Genetic Disorder
B. Environmental Risk Factors
C. Co-morbidity
III. Imaging Correlates
A. PET and MRI
B. QEEG
C. Theta Beta Ratio as Inattention Index
IV. ERP Correlates
A. Selective Attention
B. Working Memory
C. Engagement Operation
D. Response Inhibition
E. Monitoring Operation
V. Dopamine Hypothesis of ADHD
A. Increased Level of DAT
B. Noradrenalin Transporter
VI. Treatment
A. Psychostimulants
B. Neurofeedback
C. Beta Enhancement/Theta Suppression Protocol
D. Relative Beta Training Protocol
E. Normalization of Executive ERP Components
F. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
VII. Summary
Chapter 18 Schizophrenia
I. Description of Behavior
A. Involvement of Three Brain Systems
B. Dysfunction of Executive System
II. Genetics and Environmental Factors
A. Multiple Genes are Involved
B. Environmental Risk Factors
III. Imaging Correlates
A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
B. Quantitative Electroencephalogram
C. Mismatch Negativity
D. Contingent Negative Variation
E. Engagement Operation
F. Monitoring Operation
IV. Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
A. Excess of Striatal Dopamine Receptors
B. Neural Net Model
V. Treatment
A. Antipsychotic Agents
B. Electroconvulsive Therapy
C. Psychosurgery
D. Neurofeedback
VI. Summary
Chapter 19 Addiction
I. Description of Behavior
A. Symptoms
B. Substances of Abuse
C. Tolerance, Dependence, and Withdrawal
II. Imaging Correlates
A. PET and MRI
B. Increased Level of Dopamine in Nucleus Accumbens
III. Stages of Addiction
A. Expectation Stage
B. Consolidation Stage
C. Habituation/Sensitization Stage
D. Neural Net Model
IV. Treatment
A. Stereotactic Anterior Cingulotomy in Heroin Addicts
B. Neurofeedback
V. Summary
Chapter 20 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
I. Description of Behavior
A. Symptoms
II. Genetics and Co-morbidity
A. Poor Heritability
B. Co-morbid Disorders
III. Imaging Correlates
A. PET, MRI
B. QEEG
C. Monitoring Component of ERPs
IV. Mediators
V. Treatment
A. Stereotactic Anterior Cingulotomy
B. QEEG/ERPs Assessment in an OCD Patient
C. Neurofeedback
VI. Summary
Chapter 21 Depression
I. Description of Behavior
A. History
B. Symptoms
C. Subtyping Depression
D. Heritability
E. Need for Objective Diagnostic System
II. Imaging Correlates
A. PET, MRI
B. QEEG Asymmetry
C. ERP Asymmetry
D. QEEG/ERPs Assessment in a Depressed Patient
E. QEEG Predictors of Response to Antidepressants
III. Neuronal Model
A. Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression
B. Brain Circuitry of Depressed Mood
IV. Treatment
A. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
B. ECT and Psychosurgery
C. Antidepressants
D. TMS
E. Neurofeedback
V. Summary
Chapter 22 Alzheimer’s Disease
I. Description of Behavior
A. Symptoms
II. Mediators
A. Association with Cholinergic/GABA Septal-Hippocampal Circuits
B. Cholinergic Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
III. Neural Net Model
A. Theta Bursts in Healthy Brain
B. Increase of Spontaneous Theta Activity in Diseased Brain
IV. Imaging Correlates
A. QEEG
B. ERPs
C. Principle Component Analysis of ERPs
V. Treatment
A. Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
B. Neurofeedback
VI. Summary
Chapter 23 Methods of Neurotherapy
I. Placebo
A. Placebo as Expectation of Results
B. Neuronal Basis of Placebo
C. Need for Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Studies
II. Neurofeedback
A. History
B. Bulldozer Principle of Neurofeedback
C. Comparison with the Database
D. Defining Electrodes’ Position
E. Defining Neurofeedback Parameter
F. Training Procedure
G. Computing Neurofeedback Parameters
H. Training Curve
I. Learning Curve
J. Techniques for Computing Neurofeedback Parameter
K. Types of Neurofeedback Protocols
L. Neurofeedback and Neurotherapy
M. Eastern Self-Regulation Techniques
N. Sham Effect
O. Minimizing Side Effects
P. Stability of Effect
Q. Limitations of Neurofeedback
R. Medical Versus Non-medical Application
S. Types of Neurofeedback
T. BCI
III. Deep Brain Stimulation
A. Psychosurgery
B. Stereotactic Neurosurgery
C. Deep Brain Stimulation as Reversible Destruction
IV. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A. Physics of TMS
B. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications
V. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
A. History
B. Procedure
C. Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Membrane Polarization
D. Physiological Evidence
E. Behavioral Effects
F. Clinical Applications
Conclusion
I. General Principles of EEG Assessment and Neurotherapy
II. Topics of Further Research

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