Probability and Statistics Applications for Environmental Science 1st Edition by Stacey J Shaefer, Louis Theodore ISBN 1420007823 9781420007824

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ISBN 10: 1420007823 
ISBN 13: 9781420007824
Author: Stacey J Shaefer, Louis Theodore

Probability and Statistics Applications for Environmental Science 1st Table of contents:

SECTION I Fundamentals
Chapter 1 PAC: Permutations and Combinations
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
PAC 1: Identifying Laboratory Samples
Solution
PAC 2: License Plate Sets
Solution
PAC 3: Laboratory Labels
Solution
PAC 4: Chemical Permutations
Solution
PAC 5: Word Permutations
Solution
PAC 6: Basketball Team Starting Five
Solution
PAC 7: Lines Generated from Points
Solution
PAC 8: Combinations of Chemical Elements
Solution
PAC 9: Multiple Permutations
Solution
PAC 10: Multiple Combinations
Solution
PAC 11: New York State Lotto
Solution
PAC 12: New York State Mega Millions Lottery
Solution
Chapter 2 PDI. Probability Definitions and Interpretations
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
PDI 1: Samples and Populations
Solution
PDI 2: Statistic vs. Parameter
Solution
PDI 3: Probability Definitions
Solution
PDI 4: Sample Space
Solution
PDI 5: Dice Sample Space
Solution
PDI 6: Dice Probability
Solution
PDI 7: Dice Symmetry I
Solution
PDI 8: Dice Symmetry II
Solution
Chapter 3 SNE. Set Notation
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
SNE 1: Venn Diagram – Temperature Readings
Solution
SNE 2: Coin Flipping Sample Space
Solution
SNE 3: Coin Flipping Probability
Solution
SNE 4: University Poll
Solution
SNE 5: National Science Foundation Poll
Solution
SNE 6: Nanotechnology Start-Up Company
Solution
SNE 7: Engineering Students I
Solution
SNE 8: Engineering Students II
Solution
Chapter 4 BTH. Basic Theorems
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
BTH 1: Mutually Exclusive Events
Solution
BTH 2: Mutually Exclusive Application
Solution
BTH 3: Independent vs. Dependent Events
Solution
BTH 4: Straight Passes
Solution
BTH 5: Defective Items
Solution
BTH 6: Defective Lightbulbs
Solution
BTH 7: Generator Switch Failure
Solution
BTH 8: Heat Exchanger Mix-Up
Solution
Chapter 5 COP. Conditional Probability
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
COP 1: Defective Transistors
Solution
COP 2: Liquid and Solid Laboratory Samples
Solution
COP 3: Unusable Transistors
Solution
COP 4: Incinerator “Fingerprinting”
Solution
COP 5: Two Dice Calculations
Solution
COP 6: Company Safety Program
Solution
COP 7: Defective Thermometers
Solution
COP 8: Defective Automotive Parts
Solution
Chapter 6 RAR. Random Variables and Random Numbers
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
RAR 1: Random vs. Biased Sampling
Solution
RAR 2: Examples of Random Variables
Solution
RAR 3: Random Variable of One Die
Solution
RAR 4: Random Number Verification
Solution
RAR 5: Football Pool
Solution
RAR 6: Computer Testing
Solution
RAR 7: Membership Directory
Solution
RAR 8: Cable Wire Measurement Location
Solution
RAR 9: Contaminated Soil
Solution
RAR 10: Time to Failure: Analytical Device
Solution
RAR 11: Electrostatic Precipitator: Bus Section Failures
Solution
RAR 12: Two-Dimensional Heat Conduction
Solution
Chapter 7 PDF. Introduction to Probability Distributions
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
PDF 1: Discrete vs. Continuous Random Variables
Solution
PDF 2: Differences between pdf and cdf
Solution
PDF 3: Discrete Variable and pdf Generalization
Solution
PDF 4: Supply Ship Delivery
Solution
PDF 5: Employee Retention
Solution
PDF 6: Accident Claims
Solution
PDF 7: Annual Floods
Solution
PDF 8: Continuous Random Variable
Solution
PDF 9: Original Student pdf
Solution
PDF 10: Richter Scale Earthquake Measurements
Solution
PDF 11: Battery Life
Solution
PDF 12: Light Switch Failure
Solution
Chapter 8 EXV. Expected Values
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
EXV 1: Expected Value Definition
Solution
EXV 2: Resistance Expected Value
Solution
EXV 3: Exponential Distribution Expected Value
Solution
EXV 4: Expected Value of X
Solution
EXV 5: Expected Value of X2
Solution
EXV 6: Profit Expectations
Solution
EXV 7: Exponential Distribution Variance
Solution
EXV 8: Mean and Variance of a Die
Solution
EXV 9: Pump Failure Expected Values
Solution
EXV 10: Expected Value and Variance of Earthquake Measurements
Solution
Chapter 9 EMV. Estimation of Mean and Variance
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
EMV 1: Definitions of Measures of Central Tendencies
Solution
EMV 2: Qualitative Description of the Mean
Solution
EMV 3: Qualitative Description of the Standard Deviation
Solution
EMV 4: Median, Mean, and Standard Deviation of Wastewater Temperatures
Solution
EMV 5: Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) Data
Solution
EMV 6: Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Data
Solution
EMV 7: Calculation and Interpretation of Mean and Variance: Discrete Case
Solution
EMV 8: Calculation and Interpretation of Mean and Variance: Continuous Case
Solution
EMV 9: Probability Distribution Function: Mean and Variance
Solution
EMV 10: Estimation of Population Mean and Variance
Solution
SECTION II Traditional Applications
Chapter 10 BAY. Bayes’ Theorem
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
BAY 1: Statistician’s Dilemma
Solution
BAY 2: Production Line Query
Solution
BAY 3: Effect of Selection Process
Solution
BAY 4: Plant Origin of Contaminated Drugs
Solution
BAY 5: Voltage Regulators
Solution
BAY 6: Cause of a Nanochemical Plant Explosion
Solution
BAY 7: Health Insurance Company
Solution
BAY 8: Small-Diameter Cyclones
Solution
Chapter 11 SPS. Series and Parallel Systems
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
SPS 1: Combined Series and Parallel Systems
Solution
SPS 2: Reliability of an Electrical System
Solution
SPS 3: Reliability of Overseas Flight
Solution
SPS 4: Unknown Component Reliabilities I
Solution
SPS 5: Unknown Component Reliabilities II
Solution
SPS 6: Unknown Component Reliabilities III
Solution
SPS 7: Exponential Failure Rate: Series System
Solution
SPS 8: Series Components Reversed
Solution
SPS 9: Exponential Failure Rate: Parallel System
Solution
SPS 10: Parallel Components Interchanged
Solution
Chapter 12 BIN. The Binomial Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
BIN 1: One-Die Application
Solution
BIN 2: Sampling with Replacement I
Solution
BIN 3: Sampling with Replacement II
Solution
BIN 4: Nanocarcinogen Application
Solution
BIN 5: Manufacturing Operation
Solution
BIN 6: Spray System
Solution
BIN 7: Synthetic Diamonds
Solution
BIN 8: Lot Sample Inspection
Solution
BIN 9: Casino Simulcast Betting
Solution
BIN 10: Number of Games Bet
Solution
BIN 11: Reliability of a Redundant System
Solution
BIN 12: Multinomial Distribution
Solution
Chapter 13 REL. Reliability Relations
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
REL 1: Hazard Definition
Solution
REL 2: Risk Definition
Solution
REL 3: Battery Reliability
Solution
REL 4: Batteries in Series
Solution
REL 5: Batteries in Parallel
Solution
REL 6: Required Reliability
Solution
REL 7: Battery Life: Exponential Model
Solution
REL 8: Adjusted Reliability Time
Solution
REL 9: Reliability Time Comparison
Solution
REL 10: Reliability Time Anomaly
Solution
Chapter 14 HYP. Hypergeometric Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
HYP 1: Relationships between Hypergeometric and Binomial Distributions
Solution
HYP 2: Sampling Transistors without Replacement
Solution
HYP 3: Pillbox with Drugs
Solution
HYP 4: Additional Contaminated Pills
Solution
HYP 5: Different Sample Sizes I
Solution
HYP 6: Different Sample Sizes II
Solution
HYP 7: Acceptance Sampling Plan Evaluation I
Solution
HYP 8: Acceptance Sampling Plan Evaluation II
Solution
HYP 9: Water Pollution Monitor Testing
Solution
HYP 10: Sampling Number Change
Solution
Chapter 15 POI. Poisson Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
POI 1: Computer Breakdowns
Solution
POI 2: Microscopic Slides
Solution
POI 3: Defective Welds
Solution
POI 4: Defective Welds Increase
Solution
POI 5: Probability of Dying
Solution
POI 6: Hospital Deaths
Solution
POI 7: Increase in Hospital Deaths
Solution
POI 8: Undefeated Kentucky Derby Horses
Solution
POI 9: Reliability of Standby Redundant System
Solution
POI 10: Bacteria Growth
Solution
POI 11: Radioactive Emission Rate
Solution
POI 12: Hazardous Waste Incinerator Truck Scheduling
Solution
Chapter 16 EXP. Exponential Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
EXP 1: Exponential Distribution Advantages and Limitations
Solution
EXP 2: Pump Expected Life
Solution
EXP 3: Pump Expected Life Increase
Solution
EXP 4: Expected Life
Solution
EXP 5: Electronic System in Series
Solution
EXP 6: Four-Component Pumping System
Solution
EXP 7: Replacement Time I
Solution
EXP 8: Replacement Time II
Solution
Chapter 17 WBL. Weibull Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
WBL 1: Weibull Distribution Applications
Solution
WBL 2: Constant Rate Equation
Solution
WBL 3: Failure Probability from Failure Rate
Solution
WBL 4: Failure Time Calculation
Solution
WBL 5: Different Weibull Coefficients
Solution
WBL 6: Gasket Life
Solution
WBL 7: Electronic Component Average Life
Solution
WBL 8: Electronic Component Life
Solution
WBL 9: Outline for Estimating Weibull Parameters
Solution
WBL 10: Estimation of Weibull Parameters
Solution
Reference
Chapter 18 NOR. Normal Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
NOR 1: Normal Distribution Factors
Solution
NOR 2: Probability Calculations for Standard Normal Variables
Solution
NOR 3: Probability Calculations for Nonstandard Normal Variables
Solution
NOR 4: Toxic Wastewater
Solution
NOR 5: Acceptance Limits
Solution
NOR 6: Estuary Temperature
Solution
NOR 7: Toxic Ash
Solution
NOR 8: ESP Installed Wires
Solution
NOR 9: Thermometer Lifetime Variance
Solution
NOR 10: Bag Fabric Quality
Solution
NOR 11: Probability Calculations Concerning the Sample Mean
Solution
NOR 12: Environmental Engineering Grades
Solution
Chapter 19 LOG. Log-Normal Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
LOG 1: Time to Failure of Electric Motors
Solution
LOG 2: Motor Survival Time
Solution
LOG 3: Extended Motor Survival Time
Solution
LOG 4: Coolant Recycle Pump
Solution
LOG 5: Interrequest Times for Computer Service
Solution
LOG 6: Particle Size Distribution Data
Solution
LOG 7: Mean and Standard Deviation of a Particle Size Distribution
Solution
LOG 8: Cumulative Particle Size Data
Solution
LOG 9: Anderson 2000 Sampler
Solution
LOG 10: BOD Levels
Solution
Chapter 20 MON. Monte Carlo Simulation
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
MON 1: Monte Carlo Simulation of Time to Failure
Solution
MON 2: Average Time to Failure
Solution
MON 3: Other Predictive Approaches
Solution
MON 4: Monte Carlo Simulation of Normally Distributed Times to Failure
Solution
MON 5: Afterburner Thermometer Lifetime
Solution
MON 6: Heat Conduction: Rectangular Parallelepiped (Square Surface)
Solution
MON 7: Heat Conduction: Rectangular Parallelepiped (Rectangular Surface)
Solution
MON 8: Heat Conduction: Hollow Pipe
Solution
Chapter 21 FET. Fault Tree and Event Tree Analysis
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
FET 1: Decision Trees
Solution
FET 2: Plant Fire
Solution
FET 3: Runaway Chemical Reaction I
Solution
FET 4: Runaway Chemical Reaction II
Solution
FET 5: Distillation Column Failure I
Solution
FET 6: Distillation Column Failure II
Solution
FET 7: Plant Explosion
Solution
FET 8: Detonation and Flammable Toxic Gas Release
Solution
References
SECTION III Contemporary Applications
Chapter 22 CIM. Confidence Intervals for Means
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
CIM 1: Large Samples: Means
Solution
CIM 2: Nanochemical Impurity
Solution
CIM 3: Ozone Measurement
Solution
CIM 4: PCB Superfund Data
Solution
CIM 5: Varying Confidence Intervals for Means from Large Populations
Solution
CIM 6: Small Sample Means
Solution
CIM 7: Confidence Interval: t Distribution
Solution
CIM 8: Small Sample Confidence Interval for Population Mean Gas Mileage
Solution
CIM 9: Single-Tail Application of Student’s Distribution
Solution
CIM 10: Varying Confidence Intervals for Means from a Small Population
Solution
Chapter 23 CIP. Confidence Intervals for Proportions
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
CIP 1: Large Sample Confidence Interval for Proportion of Accidents Due to Unsafe Working Conditions I
Solution
CIP 2: Large Sample Confidence Interval for Proportion of Accidents Due to Unsafe Working Conditions II
Solution
CIP 3: Large Sample Confidence Interval for Proportion of Accidents Due to Unsafe Working Conditions III
Solution
CIP 4: Large Sample Confidence Interval for Proportion of Accidents Due to Unsafe Working Conditions IV
Solution
CIP 5: Defective Thermometers
Solution
CIP 6: Sample Size for Estimating Defective Proportion
Solution
CIP 7: Sample Size for Defective Transistors
Solution
CIP 8: Sample Size Calculation When P Is Unknown
Solution
Chapter 24 HYT. Hypothesis Testing
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
HYT 1: Concept of Hypothesis Testing
Solution
HYT 2: Reactor Temperature Test
Solution
HYT 3: Significance Level
Solution
HYT 4: Hypothesis Acceptance
Solution
HYT 5: Procedure for Testing a Hypothesis
Solution
HYT 6: Two-Sided Test
Solution
HYT 7: Adjusted Level of Significance
Solution
HYT 8: Types of Errors
Solution
HYT 9: Calculation of Type I and Type II Errors in Testing Hypotheses
Solution
HYT 10: Hypothesis Test between the Mean and Zero
Solution
HYT 11: Hypothesis Test of the Difference between Two Means
Solution
HYT 12: Summarizing Results
Solution
Chapter 25 TMP. Hypothesis Test for Means and Proportions
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
TMP 1: Large Sample Test of Hypothesis Concerning Mean Compressive Strength of Steel Beams
Solution
TMP 2: Calculation of P-Values
Solution
TMP 3: Estimating the True Mean
Solution
TMP 4: Small Sample Test of Hypothesis Concerning Mean Tar Content of Cigarettes
Solution
TMP 5: Two-Tailed Thermometer Test
Solution
TMP 6: Type II Error Calculation
Solution
TMP 7: Difference between the Mean and Zero
Solution
TMP 8: Alternate Significant Levels
Solution
TMP 9: Operating Temperatures of Two Crystallizers
Solution
TMP 10: Comparison of Two Means
Solution
TMP 11: Cholesterol Count Proportion
Solution
TMP 12: One-Tailed Hypothesis for Pumps
Solution
Chapter 26 CHI. Chi-Square Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
CHI 1: Chi-Square Application
Solution
CHI 2: Chi-Square Table Application
Solution
CHI 3: Chi-Square Values
Solution
CHI 4: Chi-Square Confidence Interval
Solution
CHI 5: Testing Hypotheses Concerning Variability of Gas Mileage
Solution
CHI 6: Variable Probability of Type I Error
Solution
CHI 7: Probability Calculation
Solution
CHI 8: Goodness-of-Fit Testing Procedure
Solution
CHI 9: Nuclear Facility Pump Failure
Solution
CHI 10: Testing Assumption Concerning the pdf of Interrequest Times for Computer Service
Solution
CHI 11: Contingency Table Procedure
Solution
CHI 12: Independence of Work Shift and Quality of Output
Solution
Chapter 27 FFF. The F Distribution
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
FFF 1: Distribution Background
Solution
FFF 2: F Distribution Application
Solution
FFF 3: Obtaining F Distribution Values
Solution
FFF 4: Estimated Variance
Solution
FFF 5: Weight Measurements
Solution
FFF 6: Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Concentration
Solution
FFF 7: Critical Region
Solution
FFF 8: Probability Calculation
Solution
FFF 9: Comparison of Variability of Battery Life for Two Brands of Batteries
Solution
FFF 10: Variable Type I Error
Solution
Chapter 28 REG. Regression Analysis: Method of Least Squares
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
REG 1: Qualitative Explanations
Solution
REG 2: Linear Regression of Yield of a Biological Reaction with Temperature
Solution
REG 3: Calculation of Average Yield Values
Solution
REG 4: Reaction Rate Analysis
Solution
REG 5: Correlation of Resistance and Failure Time of Resistors
Solution
REG 6: Significance Test for the Correlation Coefficient
Solution
REG 7: Least-Squares Line of Best Fit
Solution
REG 8: Multiple Regression Procedure
Solution
REG 9: Multiple Regression Analysis
Solution
REG 10: Correlation Coefficient Significance
Solution
REG 11: Regression Coefficient Confidence Interval
Solution
REG 12: Correlation Coefficient Confidence Interval
Solution
Chapter 29 NPT. Nonparametric Tests
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
NPT 1: Sign Test Inefficiency
Solution
NPT 2: Nonparametric Test Ranking Examples
Solution
NPT 3: Sign Test Algorithm
Solution
NPT 4: Digester/Reactor Sign Test Comparison
Solution
NPT 5: Reactor Test Comparison at the 0.005 Type I Error
Solution
NPT 6: Paired Comparison of Instruments Measuring Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations
Solution
NPT 7: Paired Test: Different Type I Error
Solution
NPT 8: The Wilcoxon Test
Solution
NPT 9: Comparison of Disconnect Forces Required to Separate Electrical Connectors
Solution
NPT 10: Comparison Analysis: Different Type I Error
Solution
Chapter 30 ANV. Analysis of Variance
Introduction
Problems and Solutions
ANV 1: ANOVA
Solution
ANV 2: Sum of Squares Procedure
Solution
ANV 3: Comparison of Effect of Food Supplements on Milk Yield
Solution
ANV 4: Variable Type I Error
Solution
ANV 5: ANOVA Comparison
Solution
ANV 6: Effect of Rubber Mix and Curing Time on Tensile Strength
Solution
ANV 7: Effect of Rubber Mixes
Solution
ANV 8: Interaction Effects
Solution
ANV 9: Diet and Drug Effects on Stimulus Response Time
Solution
ANV 10: Drug Test
Solution
ANV 11: No Interaction Effect
Solution
ANV 12: Level of Significance Change
Solution
APPENDIX A
Appendix A and Tables
APPENDIX B
Appendix B: Glossary of Terms
APPENDIX C
Appendix C: Introduction to Design of Experiments

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Stacey J Shaefer,Louis Theodore,Probability,Statistics Applications,Environmental Science