Principles of neural science 5th Edition by Kandel ER ISBN 0071810013 9780071810012

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ISBN 10: 0071810013 
ISBN 13: 9780071810012
Author: Kandel ER

Principles of neural science 5th Table of contents:

Part I Overall Perspective
1 The Brain and Behavior
Two Opposing Views Have Been Advanced on the Relationship Between Brain and Behavior
Box 1-1 The Central Nervous System
The Brain Has Distinct Functional Regions
The First Strong Evidence for Localization of Cognitive Abilities Came from Studies of Language Disorders
Affective States Are Also Mediated by Local, Specialized Systems in the Brain
Mental Processes Are the End Product of the Interactions Between Elementary Processing Units in the Brain
Selected Readings
References
2 Nerve Cells, Neural Circuitry, and Behavior
The Nervous System Has Two Classes of Cells
Nerve Cells Are the Signaling Units of the Nervous System
Glial Cells Support Nerve Cells
Each Nerve Cell Is Part of a Circuit That Has One or More Specific Behavioral Functions
Signaling Is Organized in the Same Way in All Nerve Cells
The Input Component Produces Graded Local Signals
The Trigger Zone Makes the Decision to Generate an Action Potential
Table 2-1 Comparison of Local (Passive) and Propagated Signals
The Conductive Component Propagates an All-or-None Action Potential
The Output Component Releases Neurotransmitter
The Transformation of the Neural Signal from Sensory to Motor Is Illustrated by the Stretch-Reflex Pathway
Nerve Cells Differ Most at the Molecular Level
Neural Network Models Simulate the Brain’s Parallel Processing of Information
Neural Connections Can Be Modified by Experience
Selected Readings
References
3 Genes and Behavior
Genes, Genetic Analysis, and Heritability in Behavior
The Nature of the Gene
Genes Are Arranged on Chromosomes
The Relationship Between Genotype and Phenotype
Box 3-1 Mutation: The Origin of Genetic Diversity
Genes Are Conserved Through Evolution
The Role of Genes in Behavior Can Be Studied in Animal Models
Circadian Rhythm Is Generated by a Transcriptional Oscillator in Flies, Mice, and Humans
Box 3-2 Generating Mutations in Experimental Animals
Box 3-3 Introducing Transgenes in Flies and Mice
Natural Variation in a Protein Kinase Regulates Activity in Flies and Honeybees
The Social Behaviors of Several Species Are Regulated by Neuropeptide Receptors
Genetic Studies of Human Behavior and Its Abnormalities
Neurological Disorders in Humans Suggest That Distinct Genes Affect Different Brain Functions
Autism-Related Disorders Exemplify the Complex Genetic Basis of Behavioral Traits
Psychiatric Disorders and the Challenge of Understanding Multigenic Traits
Complex Inheritance and Genetic Imprinting in Human Genetics
Multigenic Traits: Many Rare Diseases or a Few Common Variants?
Box 3-4 Genetic Polymorphisms and Linkage Mapping
An Overall View
Glossary1
Selected Readings
References
Part II Cell and Molecular Biology of the Neuron
4 The Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons and Glia Share Many Structural and Molecular Characteristics
The Cytoskeleton Determines Cell Shape
Box 4-1 Abnormal Accumulations of Proteins Are Hallmarks of Many Neurological Disorders
Protein Particles and Organelles Are Actively Transported Along the Axon and Dendrites
Fast Axonal Transport Carries Membranous Organelles
Box 4-2 Neuroanatomical Tracing Makes Use of Axonal Transport
Slow Axonal Transport Carries Cytosolic Proteins and Elements of the Cytoskeleton
Proteins Are Made in Neurons as in Other Secretory Cells
Secretory and Membrane Proteins Are Synthesized and Modified in the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Secretory Proteins Are Modified in the Golgi Complex
Surface Membrane and Extracellular Substances Are Recycled in the Cell
Glial Cells Play Diverse Roles in Neural Function
Glia Form the Insulating Sheaths for Axons
Astrocytes Support Synaptic Signaling
Box 4-3 Defects in Myelin Proteins Disrupt Conduction of Nerve Signals
Choroid Plexus and Ependymal Cells Produce Cerebrospinal Fluid
Microglia in the Brain Are Derived from Bone Marrow
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
5 Ion Channels
Rapid Signaling in the Nervous System Depends on Ion Channels
Ion Channels Are Proteins That Span the Cell Membrane
Currents Through Single Ion Channels Can Be Recorded
Box 5-1 Recording Current in Single Ion Channels: The Patch Clamp
Ion Channels in All Cells Share Several Characteristics
The Flux of Ions Through a Channel Is Passive
The Opening and Closing of a Channel Involve Conformational Changes
The Structure of Ion Channels Is Inferred from Biophysical, Biochemical, and Molecular Biological Studies
Ion Channels Can Be Grouped into Gene Families
The Closed and Open Structures of Potassium Channels Have Been Resolved by X-Ray Crystallography
The Structural Basis of Chloride Selectivity Reveals a Close Relation Between Ion Channels and Ion Transporters
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
6 Membrane Potential and the Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron
The Resting Membrane Potential Results from the Separation of Charge Across the Cell Membrane
The Resting Membrane Potential Is Determined by Nongated and Gated Ion Channels
Box 6-1 Recording the Membrane Potential
Table 6-1 Distribution of the Major Ions Across a Neuronal Membrane at Rest: The Giant Axon of the Squid
Open Channels in Glial Cells Are Permeable to Potassium Only
Open Channels in Resting Nerve Cells Are Permeable to Several Ion Species
The Electrochemical Gradients of Sodium, Potassium, and Calcium Are Established by Active Transport of the Ions
Chloride Ions Are Also Actively Transported
The Balance of Ion Fluxes That Maintains the Resting Membrane Potential Is Abolished During the Action Potential
The Contributions of Different Ions to the Resting Membrane Potential Can Be Quantified by the Goldman Equation
The Functional Properties of the Neuron Can Be Represented as an Electrical Equivalent Circuit
The Passive Electrical Properties of the Neuron Affect Electrical Signaling
Membrane Capacitance Slows the Time Course of Electrical Signals
Box 6-2 Using the Equivalent Circuit Model to Calculate Resting Membrane Potential
Membrane and Axoplasmic Resistance Affect the Efficiency of Signal Conduction
Large Axons Are More Easily Excited Than Small Axons
Passive Membrane Properties and Axon Diameter Affect the Velocity of Action Potential Propagation
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
7 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
The Action Potential Is Generated by the Flow of Ions Through Voltage-Gated Channels
Sodium and Potassium Currents Through Voltage-Gated Channels Are Recorded with the Voltage Clamp
Box 7-1 Voltage-Clamp Technique
Voltage-Gated Sodium and Potassium Conductances Are Calculated from Their Currents
Box 7-2 Calculation of Membrane Conductances from Voltage-Clamp Data
The Action Potential Can Be Reconstructed from the Properties of Sodium and Potassium Channels
Variations in the Properties of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels Expand the Signaling Capabilities of Neurons
The Nervous System Expresses a Rich Variety of Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Gating of Voltage-Sensitive Ion Channels Can Be Influenced by Various Cytoplasmic Factors
Excitability Properties Vary Between Regions of the Neuron
Excitability Properties Vary Between Types of Neurons
The Mechanisms of Voltage-Gating and Ion Permeation Have Been Inferred from Electrophysiological Measurements
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Open and Close in Response to Redistribution of Charges Within the Channel
Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Select for Sodium on the Basis of Size, Charge, and Energy of Hydration of the Ion
Voltage-Gated Potassium, Sodium, and Calcium Channels Stem from a Common Ancestor and Have Similar Structures
X-Ray Crystallographic Analysis of Voltage-Gated Channel Structures Provides Insight into Voltage-Gating
The Diversity of Voltage-Gated Channel Types Is Generated by Several Genetic Mechanisms
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
Part III Synaptic Transmission
8 Overview of Synaptic Transmission
Synapses Are Either Electrical or Chemical
Electrical Synapses Provide Instantaneous Signal Transmission
Table 8-1 Distinguishing Properties of Electrical and Chemical Synapses
Cells at an Electrical Synapse Are Connected by Gap-Junction Channels
Electrical Transmission Allows the Rapid and Synchronous Firing of Interconnected Cells
Gap Junctions Have a Role in Glial Function and Disease
Chemical Synapses Can Amplify Signals
Neurotransmitters Bind to Postsynaptic Receptors
Postsynaptic Receptors Gate Ion Channels Either Directly or Indirectly
Selected Readings
References
9 Signaling at the Nerve-Muscle Synapse: Directly Gated Transmission
The Neuromuscular Junction Is a Well-Studied Example of Directly Gated Synaptic Transmission
The Motor Neuron Excites the Muscle by Opening Ligand-Gated Ion Channels at the End-Plate
The End-Plate Potential Is Produced by Ionic Current Through Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels
The Ion Channel at the End-Plate Is Permeable to Both Sodium and Potassium
The Current Through Single Acetylcholine Receptor-Channels Can Be Measured Using the Patch Clamp
Individual Receptor-Channels Conduct All-or-None Unitary Currents
Box 9-1 Reversal Potential of the End-Plate Potential
Four Factors Determine the End-Plate Current
The Molecular Properties of the Acetylcholine Receptor-Channel Are Known
An Overall View
Postscript: The End-Plate Current Can Be Calculated from an Equivalent Circuit
Selected Readings
References
10 Synaptic Integration in the Central Nervous System
Central Neurons Receive Excitatory and Inhibitory Inputs
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses Have Distinctive Ultrastructures
Excitatory Synaptic Transmission Is Mediated by Ionotropic Glutamate Receptor-Channels That Are Permeable to Sodium and Potassium
The Excitatory Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Are Encoded by a Distinct Gene Family
Glutamate Receptors Are Constructed from a Set of Modules
NMDA and AMPA Receptors Are Organized by a Network of Proteins at the Postsynaptic Density
Inhibitory Synaptic Action Is Usually Mediated by Ionotropic GABA and Glycine Receptor-Channels That Are Permeable to Chloride
Currents Through Single GABA and Glycine Receptor-Channels Can Be Recorded
Chloride Currents Through Inhibitory GABAA and Glycine Receptor-Channels Normally Inhibit the Postsynaptic Cell
Ionotropic Glutamate, GABA, and Glycine Receptors Are Transmembrane Proteins Encoded by Two Distinct Gene Families
Ionotropic GABAA and Glycine Receptors Are Homologous to Nicotinic ACh Receptors
Some Synaptic Actions Depend on Other Types of Ionotropic Receptors in the Central Nervous System
Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Actions Are Integrated by the Cell into a Single Output
Synaptic Inputs Are Integrated to Fire an Action Potential at the Axon Initial Segment
Dendrites Are Electrically Excitable Structures That Can Fire Action Potentials
Synapses on a Central Neuron Are Grouped According to Physiological Function
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
11 Modulation of Synaptic Transmission: Second Messengers
The Cyclic AMP Pathway Is the Best Understood Second-Messenger Signaling Cascade Initiated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors
The Second-Messenger Pathways Initiated by G Protein-Coupled Receptors Share a Common Molecular Logic
A Family of G Proteins Activates Distinct Second-Messenger Pathways
Hydrolysis of Phospholipids by Phospholipase C Produces Two Important Second Messengers, IP3 and Diacylglycerol
Hydrolysis of Phospholipids by Phospholipase A2 Liberates Arachidonic Acid to Produce Other Second Messengers
Box 11-1 Isoforms of Protein Kinase C
Transcellular Messengers Are Important for Regulating Presynaptic Function
Endocannabinoids Are Derived from Arachidonic Acid
The Gaseous Second Messengers, Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide, Stimulate Cyclic GMP Synthesis
A Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Mediates Some Metabotropic Receptor Effects
The Physiological Actions of Ionotropic and Metabotropic Receptors Differ
Second-Messenger Cascades Can Increase or Decrease the Opening of Many Types of Ion Channels
Table 11-1 Comparison of Synaptic Excitation Produced by the Opening and Closing of Ion Channels
G Proteins Can Modulate Ion Channels Directly
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Phosphorylation Can Close Potassium Channels
Synaptic Actions Mediated by Phosphorylation Are Terminated by Phosphoprotein Phosphatases
Second Messengers Can Endow Synaptic Transmission with Long-Lasting Consequences
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
12 Transmitter Release
Transmitter Release Is Regulated by Depolarization of the Presynaptic Terminal
Release Is Triggered by Calcium Influx
The Relation Between Presynaptic Calcium Concentration and Release
Several Classes of Calcium Channels Mediate Transmitter Release
Transmitter Is Released in Quantal Units
Table 12-1 Voltage-Gated Ca2+ Channels of Neurons
Transmitter Is Stored and Released by Synaptic Vesicles
Box 12-1 Calculating the Probability of Transmitter Release
Synaptic Vesicles Discharge Transmitter by Exocytosis and Are Recycled by Endocytosis
Capacitance Measurements Provide Insight into the Kinetics of Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Exocytosis Involves the Formation of a Temporary Fusion Pore
The Synaptic Vesicle Cycle Involves Several Steps
Exocytosis of Synaptic Vesicles Relies on a Highly Conserved Protein Machinery
The Synapsins Are Important for Vesicle Restraint and Mobilization
SNARE Proteins Catalyze Fusion of Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane
Calcium Binding to Synaptotagmin Triggers Transmitter Release
The Fusion Machinery Is Embedded in a Conserved Protein Scaffold at the Active Zone
Modulation of Transmitter Release Underlies Synaptic Plasticity
Activity-Dependent Changes in Intracellular Free Calcium Can Produce Long-Lasting Changes in Release
Axo-axonic Synapses on Presynaptic Terminals Regulate Transmitter Release
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
13 Neurotransmitters
A Chemical Messenger Must Meet Four Criteria to Be Considered a Neurotransmitter
Only a Few Small-Molecule Substances Act as Transmitters
Table 13-1 Small-Molecule Transmitter Substances and Their Precursors
Acetylcholine
Biogenic Amine Transmitters
Catecholamine Transmitters
Box 13-1 Catecholamine Production Varies with Neuronal Activity
Serotonin
Histamine
Amino Acid Transmitters
ATP and Adenosine
Small-Molecule Transmitters Are Actively Taken Up into Vesicles
Many Neuroactive Peptides Serve as Transmitters
Table 13-2 Neuroactive Mammalian Brain Peptides Categorized According to Tissue Localization
Table 13-3 Some Families of Neuroactive Peptides
Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Differ in Several Ways
Peptides and Small-Molecule Transmitters Coexist and Can Be Co-released
Removal of Transmitter from the Synaptic Cleft Terminates Synaptic Transmission
Box 13-2 Detection of Chemical Messengers and Their Processing Enzymes within Neurons
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
14 Diseases of the Nerve and Motor Unit
Disorders of the Peripheral Nerve, Neuromuscular Junction, and Muscle Can Be Distinguished Clinically
A Variety of Diseases Target Motor Neurons and Peripheral Nerves
Motor Neuron Diseases Do Not Affect Sensory Neurons
Diseases of Peripheral Nerves Affect Conduction of the Action Potential
The Molecular Bases of Some Inherited Peripheral Neuropathies Have Been Defined
Diseases of the Neuromuscular Junction Have Multiple Causes
Myasthenia Gravis Is the Best Studied Example of a Neuromuscular Junction Disease
Table 14-1 Representative Inherited Disorders of Peripheral Nerves
Treatment of Myasthenia Targets the Physiological Effects and Autoimmune Pathogenesis of the Disease
There Are Two Distinct Congenital Forms of Myasthenia Gravis
Lambert-Eaton Syndrome and Botulism Are Two Other Disorders of Neuromuscular Transmission
Diseases of Skeletal Muscle Can Be Inherited or Acquired
Dermatomyositis Exemplifies Acquired Myopathy
Muscular Dystrophies Are the Most Common Inherited Myopathies
Table 14-2 Representative Muscular Dystrophies
Some Inherited Diseases of Skeletal Muscle Arise from Genetic Defects in Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Periodic Paralysis Is Associated with Altered Muscle Excitability and Abnormal Levels of Serum Potassium
An Overall View
Postscript: Diagnosis of Motor Unit Disorders Is Aided by Laboratory Criteria
Table 14-3 Differential Diagnosis of Disorders of the Motor Unit
Selected Readings
References
Part IV The Neural Basis of Cognition
15 The Organization of the Central Nervous System
The Central Nervous System Consists of the Spinal Cord and the Brain
The Major Functional Systems Are Similarly Organized
Information Is Transformed at Each Synaptic Relay
Neurons at Each Synaptic Relay Are Organized into a Neural Map of the Body
Each Functional System Is Hierarchically Organized
Functional Systems on One Side of the Brain Control the Other Side of the Body
The Cerebral Cortex Is Concerned with Cognition
Neurons in the Cerebral Cortex Are Organized in Layers and Columns
The Cerebral Cortex Has a Large Variety of Neurons
Subcortical Regions of the Brain Are Functionally Organized into Nuclei
Modulatory Systems in the Brain Influence Motivation, Emotion, and Memory
The Peripheral Nervous System Is Anatomically Distinct from the Central Nervous System
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
16 The Functional Organization of Perception and Movement
Sensory Information Processing Is Illustrated in the Somatosensory System
Somatosensory Information from the Trunk and Limbs Is Conveyed to the Spinal Cord
The Primary Sensory Neurons of the Trunk and Limbs Are Clustered in the Dorsal Root Ganglia
The Central Axons of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons Are Arranged to Produce a Map of the Body Surface
Each Somatic Submodality Is Processed in a Distinct Subsystem from the Periphery to the Brain
The Thalamus Is an Essential Link Between Sensory Receptors and the Cerebral Cortex for All Modalities Except Olfaction
Sensory Information Processing Culminates in the Cerebral Cortex
Voluntary Movement Is Mediated by Direct Connections Between the Cortex and Spinal Cord
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
17 From Nerve Cells to Cognition: The Internal Representations of Space and Action
The Major Goal of Cognitive Neural Science Is to Understand Neural Representations of Mental Processes
The Brain Has an Orderly Representation of Personal Space
The Cortex Has a Map of the Sensory Receptive Surface for Each Sensory Modality
Cortical Maps of the Body Are the Basis of Accurate Clinical Neurological Examinations
The Internal Representation of Personal Space Can Be Modified by Experience
Extrapersonal Space Is Represented in the Posterior Parietal Association Cortex
Much of Mental Processing Is Unconscious
Is Consciousness Accessible to Neurobiological Analysis?
Consciousness Poses Fundamental Problems for a Biological Theory of Mind
Neurobiological Research on Cognitive Processes Does Not Depend on a Specific Theory of Consciousness
Studies of Binocular Rivalry Have Identified Circuits That May Switch Unconscious to Conscious Visual Perception
Selective Attention to Visual Stimuli Can Be Studied on the Cellular Level in Nonhuman Primates
How Is Self-Awareness Encoded in the Brain?
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
18 The Organization of Cognition
Functionally Related Areas of Cortex Lie Close Together
Sensory Information Is Processed in the Cortex in Serial Pathways
Parallel Pathways in Each Sensory Modality Lead to Dorsal and Ventral Association Areas
The Dorsal Visual Pathway Carries Spatial Information and Leads to Parietal Association Cortex
The Ventral Visual Pathway Processes Information About Form and Leads to Temporal Association Cortex
Goal-Directed Motor Behavior Is Controlled in the Frontal Lobe
Prefrontal Cortex Is Important for the Executive Control of Behavior
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Contributes to Cognitive Control of Behavior
Orbital-Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex Contributes to Emotional Control of Behavior
Limbic Association Cortex Is a Gateway to the Hippocampal Memory System
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
19 Cognitive Functions of the Premotor Systems
Direct Connections Between the Cerebral Cortex and Spinal Cord Play a Fundamental Role in the Organization of Voluntary Movements
The Four Premotor Areas of the Primate Brain Also Have Direct Connections in the Spinal Cord
Motor Circuits Involved in Voluntary Actions Are Organized to Achieve Specific Goals
The Hand Has a Critical Role in Primate Behavior
The Joint Activity of Neurons in the Parietal and Premotor Cortex Encodes Potential Motor Acts
Some Neurons Encode the Possibilities for Interaction with an Object
Mirror Neurons Respond to the Motor Actions of Others
Potential Motor Acts Are Suppressed or Released by Motor Planning Centers
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
20 Functional Imaging of Cognition
Functional Imaging Reflects the Metabolic Demand of Neural Activity
Functional Imaging Emerged from Studies of Blood Flow
Box 20-1 Application of the Fick Principle to Brain Metabolism
Functional Imaging Reflects Energy Metabolism
Box 20-2 Positron Emission Tomography
Box 20-3 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Functional Imaging Is Used to Probe Cognitive Processes
Imaging Perception with and Without Consciousness
Box 20-4 Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Imaging Memory with and Without Consciousness
Imaging Attentional Modulation of Conscious Perception
Functional Imaging Has Limitations
Box 20-5 Limitations of Functional Imaging
An Overall View
Selected Readings
References
Part V Perception
21 Sensory Coding
Psychophysics Relates the Physical Properties of Stimuli to Sensations
Psychophysical Laws Govern the Perception of Stimulus Intensity
Psychophysical Measurements of Sensation Magnitude Employ Standardized Protocols
Sensations Are Quantified Using Probabilistic Statistics
Decision Times Are Correlated with Cognitive Processes
Physical Stimuli Are Represented in the Nervous System by Means of the Sensory Code
Box 21-1 Signal Detection Theory
Sensory Receptors Are Responsive to a Single Type of Stimulus Energy
Table 21-1 Classification of Sensory Receptors
Multiple Subclasses of Sensory Receptors Are Found in Each Sense Organ
Neural Firing Patterns Transmit Sensory Information to the Brain
The Receptive Field of a Sensory Neuron Conveys Spatial Information
Modality-Specific Pathways Extend to the Central Nervous System
The Receptor Surface Is Represented Topographically in Central Nuclei
Feedback Regulates Sensory Coding
Top-Down Learning Mechanisms Influence Sensory Processing

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