Physics of Fluids in Microgravity 1st Edition BY Rodolfo Monti isbn 1482265052 9781482265057

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ISBN 10:   1482265052 
ISBN 13: 978-1482265057
Author:        Rodolfo Monti

Physics of Fluids in Microgravity 1st  Table of contents:

• Fluid Science Relevance in Microgravity Research 1.1 Introduction
  1.2 Role of Fluid Behaviour in Microgravity Experimentation
  1.3 Microgravity Relevance
  1.4 Fluidynamic Equations and Typical Assumptions
  1.5 Convective vs. Diffusive Transport
  1.6 Examples of the Evaluation of the Convective Terms
  1.6.1 Evaluation of the Velocity Originated by a Steady Gravity Field
  1.6.2 Evaluation of the Velocity Originated by the Marangoni Effect
  1.6.3 Convective Motion Induced by a Solidification Front
  1.6.4 Convection Induced by Fluid Heating
  1.7 Typical Microgravity Environment on MG Platforms
  1.8 Conclusions
  Nomenclature
  References

• Mechanical Behaviour of Liquid Bridges in Microgravity 2.1 Introduction
  2.1.1 Drops, Jets, and Liquid Bridges
  2.1.2 The Standard Liquid Bridge
  2.1.3 Problems of Interest in Liquid Bridge Research and Microgravity Relevance
  2.1.4 The Liquid Bridge as a Mechanical Model for the Floating Zone Process
  2.2 Theoretical Results in the Mechanical Behaviour of Liquid Bridges
  2.2.1 Statics
  2.2.2 Dynamics
  2.3 Experimental Results in the Mechanical Behaviour of Liquid Bridges
  2.3.1 The Need and Objectives of Experiments
  2.3.2 Past Experiments
  2.4 Prospective
  2.4.1 Future Experimental Opportunities
  References

• Interfacial Phenomena 3.1 The Surface Tension: One of the Most Sensitive Parameters of the Surface Physico-Chemical Condition
  3.1.1 Theoretical Background
  3.2 New Theories on Adsorption Dynamics
  3.2.1 Interfacial Adsorption in Aqueous Systems
  3.2.2 Gas-Liquid Exchange at High Temperatures
  3.3 Surface Tension Measurements Under Static and Dynamic Conditions: Ground Techniques
  3.3.1 Experimental Determination of Surface Tension
  3.3.2 Capillary Pressure Methods
  3.4 Microgravity Measurements: Motivations, Status, and Results
  3.5 Perspectives
  Acknowledgements
  Nomenclature
  References

• Thermal Marangoni Flows 4.1 Historical Background
  4.2 Marangoni Convection and Microgravity
  4.3 Application-Oriented Problems
  4.3.1 Floating Zone
  4.3.2 Open Boat
  4.3.3 Solidification of Immiscible Alloys
  4.4 Basic Research Topics Relative to Thermal Marangoni Flows
  4.4.1 Non-Dimensional Quantities
  4.4.2 Marangoni Boundary Layers
  4.4.3 Liquid Bridge
  4.4.4 Open Cavity
  4.4.5 Interaction of Drops with Interfaces
  4.5 Conclusions
  Nomenclature
  References

• Interfacial Patterns and Waves 5.1 Introduction
  5.2 Thermoconvective Patterns and Their Evolution Near Threshold
  5.3 Overstability and Waves, Scaling, and Heuristic Arguments
  5.4 Non-Linear Waves: Asymptotic Theory
  5.5 Interfacial Waves: Experimental Evidence
  5.6 Onset of Patterns and Waves in Multilayer Systems
  5.7 Summary of Results and Microgravity Relevance
  Acknowledgements
  Nomenclature
  References

• Fluid Mechanics of Bubbles and Drops 6.1 Introduction
  6.2 Important Dimensionless Groups
  6.3 Theoretical Developments
  6.4 Experiments on the Ground
  6.5 Experiments in Reduced Gravity
  6.6 Future Prospects
  Acknowledgements
  Nomenclature
  References

• Diffusion and Thermodiffusion in Microgravity 7.3 Theoretical Evaluations of Diffusion Coefficients
  7.3.1 Molecular Dynamics Numerical Simulations
  7.3.2 Theories for Isothermal Diffusion
  7.3.3 Theories for Sor et Coefficients in Liquids
  7.4 Ground-Based Measurement Techniques
  7.4.1 Description of the Approaches
  7.4.2 Main Experimental Problems in Ground-Based Measurements
  7.5 Measurements in Microgravity
  7.5.1 Binary Sor et Coefficients
  7.5.2 Self- and Inter-Diffusion Coefficients
  7.6 Prospects
  7.6.1 Open Questions
  7.6.2 New Investigation Fields
  7.6.3 Examples of Some Approaches Proposed by Microgravity
  7.7 Conclusions
  References

• Critical and Supercritical Fluids and Related Phenomena 8.1 The Basics of Critical Point Phenomena in Fluids
  8.1.1 Thermodynamics: Order Parameter, Critical Fluctuations
  8.1.2 Correlation Length of Fluctuations as a Natural Length Scale
  8.1.3 Critical Slowing-Down: Unit of Time
  8.1.4 Thermalization by the ‘Piston Effect’: Critical Speeding Up
  8.1.5 Phase Separation Dynamics
  8.1.6 Wetting and Adsorption Properties: The Capillary Length
  8.2 The Role of Hydrodynamics
  8.2.1 External Hydrodynamics Due to Gravity
  8.2.2 Zero-G Hydrodynamics
  8.2.3 Vibration-Induced Hydrodynamics
  8.3 Fifteen Years of Space Experimentation
  8.3.1 Why Zero-G Experiments?
  8.3.2 Historical Approach and Major Breakthroughs
  8.3.3 Facilities and Flight Opportunities
  8.4 Future Experimentation in the International Space Station
  8.4.1 The Fundamentals of Critical Point
  8.4.2 Phase Ordering
  8.4.3 Vibrational Effects
  8.4.4 Boiling, Two-Phase Thermalization, and Wetting Out of Equilibrium
  8.4.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation
  8.5 Concluding Remarks: How to Work with the International Space Station?
  8.5.1 The Planned Facilities
  8.5.2 Preparing Experiments
  8.5.3 Operating Experiments
  8.5.4 Data and Results
  References

• Microgravity Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer 9.1 Background
  9.2 Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer
  9.3 Thermal-Gravitational Modelling and Scaling
  9.3.1 Similarity Considerations and Dimension Analysis
  9.3.2 Quantitative Examples
  9.4 Modelling and Experiments
  9.4.1 Modelling Equations
  9.4.2 Results for Adiabatic Flow
  9.4.3 Condensation Lengths
  9.5 Flow Pattern Mapping Issues

10. Transient and Sloshing Motions in an Unsupported Container

10.1 Introduction
10.2 Discussion of Some Qualitative Features of the Dynamics
10.3 Liquid Motion
    10.3.1 Formulation
    10.3.2 Representations of the Velocity Field
    10.3.3 Simplifications and Limiting Cases
    10.3.4 Damping
10.4 Motion of the Combined Liquid-Solid System
    10.4.1 The Solid Container
    10.4.2 The Combined Liquid-Solid System
    10.4.3 Dynamic Stability Model
10.5 Compendium of Flow Models
    10.5.1 Small Liquid Displacement
    10.5.2 Large Free-Surface Motion
10.6 Numerical Aspects of Liquid-Solid Coupling
    10.6.1 Numerical Instability
    10.6.2 Stable Numerical Coupling
10.7 Experimental Investigations
10.8 Sloshsat FLEVO
    10.8.1 The Sloshsat Motion Simulator (SMS)
    10.8.2 The Slug Model in SMS
10.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature
References

11. Pool Boiling and Bubble Dynamics in Microgravity

11.1 Introduction and Application
11.2 Boiling Heat Transfer
    11.2.1 Description of Boiling Regimes
    11.2.2 Influence of Gravity on Heat Transfer Correlation
    11.2.3 Newton’s Law of Heat Transfer
11.3 Experiments in Microgravity
    11.3.1 Facilities
    11.3.2 Experiment Container for Boiling
11.4 Results of Heat Transfer
    11.4.1 Saturated Nucleate Boiling
    11.4.2 Subcooled Nucleate Boiling
    11.4.3 Critical Heat Flux
    11.4.4 Film Boiling
    11.4.5 Conclusions from Nucleate Boiling
11.5 Bubble Growth Model
11.6 Bubble Dynamics – Experimental Observations
    11.6.1 Analytical Bubble Growth
    11.6.2 Bubble Detachment
    11.6.3 Bubble Growth Till Ripeness
    11.6.4 Lateral and Vertical Bubble Coalescence
    11.6.5 Vapour Transport by Perpendicular Bubble Coalescence
11.7 Subcooled Boiling
    11.7.1 Observations
    11.7.2 Origin of Thermocapillary Convection
    11.7.3 Various Modes of Subcooled Boiling
11.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature
References

12. Combustion Phenomena at Microgravity

12.1 Introduction
12.2 Comparison of Time Scales for Premixed-Gas Combustion
12.3 Premixed Gas Flames
    12.3.1 Flammability Limits
    12.3.2 Stretched Flames
    12.3.3 Flame Balls
    12.3.4 Autoignition and ‘Cool Flames’
    12.3.5 Turbulent Premixed Flames
12.4 Gaseous Non-Premixed Flames
    12.4.1 Stretched Flames
    12.4.2 Laminar Gas-Jet Flames
    12.4.3 Turbulent Flames
    12.4.4 Soot Formation Processes
12.5 Condensed-Phase Combustion
    12.5.1 Droplet Combustion
    12.5.2 Candle Flames
    12.5.3 Flame Spread Over Solid Fuel Beds
    12.5.4 Flame Spread Over Liquid Fuel Pools
12.6 Recommendations for Future Studies
    12.6.1 Reabsorption Effects
    12.6.2 High Pressure Combustion
    12.6.3 Three-Dimensional Effects
    12.6.4 Gas-Jet Flames
    12.6.5 Quasi-Steady Spherical Diffusion Flames
    12.6.6 Catalytic Combustion
    12.6.7 Chemical Models
12.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature
References

13. Fluid Flow and Solute Segregation in Crystal Growth from the Melt

13.1 Introduction
13.2 Theoretical Background
    13.2.1 Governing Equations
    13.2.2 The Solute Boundary Layer Concept
    13.2.3 Macrosegregation
    13.2.4 Microsegregation
    13.2.5 The Microgravity Environment
13.3 Survey of Experiments
    13.3.1 Crystallization from a Molten Zone or a Molten Drop
    13.3.2 Bridgman Configuration
    13.3.3 The Mephisto Program
    13.3.4 Miscellaneous
13.4 Current Trends
    13.4.1 Magnetic Fields
    13.4.2 Baffles
    13.4.3 Diagnostics
    13.4.4 Miscellaneous
13.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature
References

14. Fluid Flows and Macromolecular Crystal Growth in Microgravity

14.1 Introduction
14.2 Crystallization of Biological Molecules
14.3 Crystallization Methods in the Laboratory
14.4 Crystallization and Microgravity
    14.4.1 Microeffects
    14.4.2 Macroeffects
14.5 Crystallization in Microgravity – Practical Aspects
    14.5.1 Methods Available
    14.5.2 Experimental Observations
14.6 Crystallization in Microgravity – Theoretical Studies
14.7 Mimicking Microgravity
14.8 Evaluating the Crystals
14.9 Discussion and Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References

15. Fluid-Dynamics Experiment Sensitivity to Accelerations Prevailing on Microgravity Platforms

15.1 Introduction
15.2 Analysis of Typical Problems
    15.2.1 Relevant Processes and Field Equations
    15.2.2 Parameters for the Evaluation of Disturbances
    15.2.3 Effect of Single-Frequency Periodic Acceleration
15.3 Quasi-Steady Accelerations
    15.3.1 Residual Acceleration Orthogonal to the Density Gradient
    15.3.2 Residual Acceleration Parallel to the Density Gradient
    15.3.3 Residual Acceleration at Different Angles with the Density Gradient
15.4 Periodic g-Jitter
    15.4.1 Time-Averaged Field Equations
    15.4.2 Multiple Frequency Excitation
    15.4.3 Influence of Simultaneous Residual-g and g-Jitter
15.5 Pulsed Accelerations
    15.5.1 Single Pulses: G-Dose Model
    15.5.2 Multiple Pulses
    15.5.3 Tolerability Criteria for Acceleration Pulses
15.6 The International Space Station as a Microgravity Platform
    15.6.1 Numerical Simulations for a Typical Case Study
    15.6.2 Orienting the Experiment Cell to Take Advantage of the Residual-g
    15.6.3 On-Ground Simulation of Microgravity Experimentation
15.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Nomenclature and Acronyms
References

16. Facilities for Microgravity Fluid Science Research Onboard ISS

16.1 Introduction
16.2 The International Space Station
    16.2.1 Organization of the ISS
    16.2.2 Characteristics of the ISS
16.3 Elements of the ISS
    16.3.1 The Pressurized Modules
    16.3.2 Columbus Orbital Facility (COF)
    16.3.3 JEM
16.4 Fluid Science Facilities
    16.4.1 Introduction to Fluid Science Facilities
    16.4.2 Fluids and Combustion Facility (FCF) – NASA
    16.4.3 Fluid Science Lab (FSL) – ESA
    16.4.4 Fluid Physics Experiment Facility (FPEF) – NASDA
    16.4.5 Other Possibilities of Experimentation on the ISS
16.5 Diagnostics for Fluid Science
    16.5.1 Introduction to Diagnostic Techniques
    16.5.2 Interferometry
    16.5.3 Infrared Measurement
16.6 ISS Ground Infrastructure
    16.6.1 The Control and Payload Centres
    16.6.2 The User Support and Operation Centres (USOCs)

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