Organic Nanomaterials Synthesis Characterization and Device Applications 1st Edition by Tomas Torres, Giovanni Bottari ISBN 1118016017 9781118016015

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ISBN 10: 1118016017 
ISBN 13: 9781118016015
Author: Tomas Torres, Giovanni Bottari

Discover a new generation of organic nanomaterials and their applications Recent developments in nanoscience and nanotechnology have given rise to a new generation of functional organic nanomaterials with controlled morphology and well-defined properties, which enable a broad range of useful applications. This book explores some of the most important of these organic nanomaterials, describing how they are synthesized and characterized. Moreover, the book explains how researchers have incorporated organic nanomaterials into devices for real-world applications. Featuring contributions from an international team of leading nanoscientists, Organic Nanomaterials is divided into five parts: Part One introduces the fundamentals of nanomaterials and self-assembled nanostructures Part Two examines carbon nanostructures—from fullerenes to carbon nanotubes to graphene—reporting on properties, theoretical studies, and applications Part Three investigates key aspects of some inorganic materials, self-assembled monolayers, organic field effect transistors, and molecular self-assembly at solid surfaces Part Four explores topics that involve both biological aspects and nanomaterials such as biofunctionalized surfaces Part Five offers detailed examples of how organic nanomaterials enhance sensors and molecular photovoltaics Most of the chapters end with a summary highlighting the key points. References at the end of each chapter guide readers to the growing body of original research reports and reviews in the field. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of organic nanomaterials, this book is recommended for researchers in chemistry, physics, materials science, polymer science, and chemical and materials engineering. All readers will learn the principles of synthesizing and characterizing new organic nanomaterials in order to support a broad range of exciting new applications.

Organic Nanomaterials Synthesis Characterization and Device Applications 1st Table of contents:

1 A PROPOSED TAXONOMY AND CLASSIFICATION STRATEGY FOR WELL-DEFINED, SOFT-MATTER NANOSCALE BUILDING B
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 ADAPTATION OF LINNAEAN TAXONOMY PRINCIPLES TO A NEW NANO-CLASSIFICATION SCHEME
1.2.1 Taxonomy of Biological Structures and Organisms
1.2.2 Protein Taxonomies
1.2.3 Virus Taxonomies
1.3 HOW DOES NATURE TRANSFER STRUCTURAL INFORMATION FROM A LOWER HIERARCHICAL LEVEL TO HIGHER COMPLE
1.4 THE USE OF CLADOGRAMS FOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF WELL-DEFINED BIOLOGICAL (MICRON SCALE/MACROSCALE),
1.4.1 Taxonomy of Biological Entities
1.4.2 Taxonomy of Atomic Elements
1.4.3 In Quest of a Taxonomy for Nonbiological Nanoscale Structures and Assemblies
1.5 HEURISTIC MAGIC NUMBER MIMICRY AT THE SUBATOMIC, ATOMIC, AND NANOSCALE LEVELS
1.5.1 Heuristic Atom Mimicry of Dendrimers: Nano-Level Core–Shell Analogues of Atoms
1.6 ELEMENT CATEGORIES AND THEIR HYBRIDIZATION INTO NANO-COMPOUNDS AND NANO-ASSEMBLIES
1.6.1 A Brief Overview of Nano-classifications (Taxonomies)
1.7 A NANO-PERIODIC SYSTEM FOR DEFINING AND UNIFYING NANOSCIENCE
1.7.1 Bottom-Up Synthetic Strategies to Soft Nano-element Categories
1.8 CHEMICAL BOND FORMATION/VALENCY AND STOICHIOMETRIC BINDING RATIOS WITH DENDRIMERS TO FORM NANO-C
1.8.1 Dendrimer–Dendrimer [S-1:(S-1)n] Core–Shell-Type Nano-compounds
1.8.2 A Quest for Synthetic Mimicry of Biological Quasi-equivalence with [S-1]-Type Amphiphilic Dend
1.8.3 Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Compelling Example of a Supramolecular Core–Shell-Type Nano-compound E
1.8.4 First Nano-periodic Tables for Predicting Amphiphilic Dendron Self-Assembly to Supramolecular
1.9 PROPOSED LINNAEAN-TYPE TAXONOMY FOR SOFT-MATTER-TYPE NANO-ELEMENT CATEGORIES, THEIR COMPOUNDS AN
1.9.1 A Proposed Dendron/Dendrimer Shorthand Nomenclature
1.9.2 Classification of [S-1:(S-1)n]-Type Nano-compounds Derived from Dendrimer/ Dendron [S-1]-Type
1.9.3 Classification of Nano-compounds (i.e., Viruses) Derived from Proteins [S-4] or Viral Capsids
1.10 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 ON THE ROLE OF HYDROGEN-BONDING IN THE NANOSCALE ORGANIZATION OF π-CONJUGATED MATERIALS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 H-BONDING ALONG THE STACKING POLYMER AXIS
2.2.1 Influence on the nano- and mesoscopic organization
2.2.2 Influence on Photophysical Properties
2.2.3 Hole and Electron Transport
2.2.4 Fiber Alignment and Cross-Linking
2.3 H-BONDING PERPENDICULAR TO THE STACKING POLYMER AXIS
2.3.1 Homo-associated Monomers
2.3.2 Hetero-associated Monomers
2.4 MAIN-CHAIN H-BONDED π-FUNCTIONAL POLYMERS
2.4.1 Random (co)Polymers
2.4.2 Alternating (co)Polymers
2.5 CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 CHIRAL ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 STRUCTURAL AND MECHANISTIC FACTORS IN THE GROWTH OF CHIRAL STRUCTURES
3.3 SINGLE MOLECULE CHIRAL MATERIALS
3.4 CHIRAL ORGANIC NANOPARTICLES
3.5 CHIRAL FIBERS
3.6 CHIRAL NANOTUBES
3.7 CHIRAL MONOLAYERS
3.8 CHIRAL FILMS
3.9 CHIRAL POLYMERS
3.10 CHIRAL NANOPOROUS SOLIDS
3.11 CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
4 BIOCHEMICAL NANOMATERIALS BASED ON POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 LIVING POLYMERIZATION OF ε-CAPROLACTONE
4.3 COPOLYMERS WITH POLY(ε-CAPROLACTONE)
4.3.1 Block Copolymers
4.3.2 Star Copolymers
4.3.3 Graft Copolymers
4.4 HETEROBIFUNCTIONAL PCL-DERIVED NANOMATERIALS
4.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles with an Amphiphilic block Copolymer Corona
4.4.2 Amphiphilic Rodcoil L-Lysine Dendrons
4.4.3 Miktoarm Core Cross-Linked Nanoparticles with Biologically Active Moieties on the Surface
4.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
5 SELF-ASSEMBLED PORPHYRIN NANOSTRUCTURES AND THEIR POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURE
5.2.1 Overview
5.2.2 Synthesis by Reprecipitation
5.2.4 Synthesis by Ionic Self-Assembly
5.3 OPTICAL, ELECTRONIC, AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES
5.3.1 UV-Visible Absorption and Emission Spectra
5.3.2 Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties
5.3.3 Photocatalysis and Self-Metallization to Form Nanocomposites
5.4 APPLICATIONS OF PORPHYRIN NANOSTRUCTURES AND NANOCOMPOSITES TO THE GENERATION, STORAGE, AND UTIL
5.4.1 Solar Hydrogen Production
5.4.2 Hydrogen Production Using Porphyrin Nanostructures as Light-Harvesting Arrays
5.4.3 Hydrogen Production Using Porphyrin Nanostructures as Organic Semiconductors
5.4.4 Novel Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells
5.5 FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
5.5.1 Overview
5.5.2 Carbon Dioxide Reduction
5.5.3 Photovoltaics and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
5.5.4 Conclusions
ACRONYMS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 NANOSTRUCTURES AND ELECTRON-TRANSFER FUNCTIONS OF NONPLANAR PORPHYRINS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 INTERMOLECULAR PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER OF NONPLANAR PORPHYRINS
6.3 PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER IN SUPRAMOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF NONPLANAR PORPHYRINS
6.3.1 Hydrogen-Bond Complexes
6.3.2 Coordination Complexes of [Al(DPP)]+ versus [Al(TPP)]+
6.3.3 Coordination Complexes of Sn(DPP)2+
6.4 SUPRAMOLECULAR CONGLOMERATE COMPOSED OF SADDLE-DISTORTED ZINC(II)-PHTHALOCYANINE AND H4DPP2+
6.5 NONPLANAR PORPHYRIN NANOCHANNELS
6.6 PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF PORPHYRIN NANOCHANNELS
6.7 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 TWEEZERS AND MACROCYCLES FOR THE MOLECULAR RECOGNITION OF FULLERENES
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 PORPHYRIN-BASED MOLECULAR TWEEZERS AND MACROCYCLES
7.3 FULLY ORGANIC MOLECULAR TWEEZERS AND MACROCYCLES
7.4 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
REFERENCES AND NOTES
8 COVALENT, DONOR–ACCEPTOR ENSEMBLES BASED ON PHTHALOCYANINES AND CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 DONOR–ACCEPTOR, COVALENTLY LINKED PHTHALOCYANINE–FULLERENE SYSTEMS
8.3 PHTHALOCYANINE–C60 COVALENT SYSTEMS PRESENTING LONG-RANGE ORDER
8.4 COVALENTLY LINKED PHTHALOCYANINE–CARBON NANOTUBE ENSEMBLES
8.5 PHTHALOCYANINE–GRAPHENE ENSEMBLES
8.6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 PHOTOINDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER OF SUPRAMOLECULAR CARBON NANOTUBE MATERIALS DECORATED WITH PHOTOACT
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 MODULATING ELECTRON TRANSFER PATH IN DIAMETER-SORTED SWCNTS
9.3 COVALENTLY LINKED ARCHITECTURES
9.4 DOUBLE-DECKER ARCHITECTURES VIA – STACKING AND COVALENT BONDING
9.4.1 Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines as Photosensitizers
9.4.2 Fullerene as Photosensitizer
9.5 TRIPLE-DECKER ARCHITECTURES VIA – STACKING AND COORDINATION BOND FORMATION
9.6 TRIPLE-DECKER ARCHITECTURES VIA – STACKING AND ION-PAIR INTERACTIONS
9.7 TRIPLE-DECKER ARCHITECTURES VIA – STACKING AND CROWN ETHER INCLUSION COMPLEX FORMATION
9.7.1 Porphyrin/Phthalocyanine-SWCNT Triple-Decker Architectures via – Stacking and Crown Ether
9.7.2 Fullerene–SWCNT Hybrids via -Stacking and Cation–Crown Binding
9.8 DENDRIMER ARCHITECTURE
9.9 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 INTERFACING PORPHYRINS/PHTHALOCYANINES WITH CARBON NANOTUBES
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
10.3 OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
11 ORGANIC SYNTHESIS OF ENDOHEDRAL FULLERENES ENCAPSULATING HELIUM, DIHYDROGEN, ANDWATER
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 HOWWE STARTED THE RESEARCH—REACTIONS OF C60 WITH POLYAZA-AROMATICS
11.3 ENDOHEDRAL C60 ENCAPSULATING DIHYDROGEN, H2@C60
11.3.1 Synthesis
11.3.2 Properties
11.3.3 Derivatives
11.3.4 Utilization of the Encapsulated Dihydrogen as an NMR Probe
11.4 ENDOHEDRAL C70 ENCAPSULATING DIHYDROGEN, H2@C70 AND (H2)2@C70
11.5 ENDOHEDRAL FULLERENES ENCAPSULATING HELIUM, He@C60 AND He@C70
11.6 SPIN CHEMISTRY
11.7 SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF H2O@C60
11.8 APPLICATION OF OPEN-CAGE FULLERENES TO ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS
11.9 OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
12 FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF ENDOHEDRAL METALLOFULLERENES AS PROMISING CARBON NANOMATERIALS
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 SYNTHESIS, SEPARATION, AND PURIFICATION OF EMFS
12.3 STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF EMFS
12.4 ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES
12.5 CHEMICAL REACTIVITY
12.6 CONTROL OF DYNAMIC MOTION OF METAL ATOMS IN FULLERENE CAGES
12.7 ELECTRONIC MODULATION OF EMFS BY EXOHEDRAL CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION
12.8 MISSING EMFS
12.9 METAL CARBIDE EMFS: STRUCTURES AND CHEMISTRY
12.10 SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOPHYSICS OF EMF-BASED DYADS
12.11 EMFS AS ACTIVE COMPONENTS IN ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS
12.12 CARRIER TRANSPORT PROPERTIES OF EMFS
12.13 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
13 AN UPDATE ON ELECTROCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF CARBON MATERIALS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 PRISTINE FULLERENES
13.2.1 Electronic Properties and Electrochemistry of Pristine Fullerenes
13.3 ENDOHEDRAL FULLERENES
13.3.1 Electronic Properties and Electrochemistry of Endohedral Fullerenes
13.3.2 Functionalized C60 and Endohedral Fullerenes
13.4 ELECTROSYNTHESIS OF C60 AND C70 FULLERENE DERIVATIVES
13.4.1 Regioselective Electrosynthesis of C60 Derivatives
13.4.2 Electrosynthesis of Endohedral Fullerene Derivatives
13.5 CARBON NANO-ONIONS (CNOS)
13.6 FULLERENE-BASED COMPOUNDS FOR POTENTIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS
13.6.1 C60-Based Dyads and Triads
13.6.2 Endohedral Metallofullerene Based Dyads
13.7 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
14 SOLVATING INSOLUBLE CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES BY MOLECULAR DYNAMICS
14.1 CNT IN LIQUIDS
14.1.1 CNT inWater
14.1.2 CNT in Organic Solvents
14.1.3 CNT in Ionic Liquid
14.2 NONCOVALENT FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CNTS
14.2.1 Molecules
14.2.2 Amphipilic Molecules
14.2.3 Surfactants
14.3 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
15 INORGANIC CAPSULES: REDOX-ACTIVE GUESTS IN METAL CAGES
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.1.1 Transition Metals in Capsule Formation
15.1.2 Capsules for Catalysis
15.1.3 Crystalline Capsules
15.2 POLYOXOMETALATES
15.2.1 Synthesis and Assembly
15.2.2 Isopolyanions and Heteropolyanions
15.2.3 Keggin and Wells–Dawson Structures
15.2.4 Redox-Active Guests
15.2.5 Cation Exchange and Cation-Directed Synthesis
15.3 THE WELLS–DAWSON CLUSTER [X2M18O62]n-
15.3.1 Single-Pyramidal Dawson [Hx(XO3)M18O56]n-
15.3.2 Pyrophosphate Dawson [(P2O7)Mo18O54]4-
15.3.3 Double-Pyramidal Dawson [(XO3)2M18O54]6-
15.3.4 Octahedral Dawson [(XO6)M18O54]6-
15.4 THE KEGGIN CLUSTER
15.4.1 The Keggin-Net
15.5 CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
16 STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MONOLAYERS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 LIGHT-RESPONSIVE MONOLAYERS
16.2.1 Photosensing
16.2.2 Photoswitching
16.2.3 Photoinduced Reactivity
16.3 TEMPERATURE-RESPONSIVE LAYERS
16.4 PH-RESPONSIVE MONOLAYERS
16.5 ELECTROCHEMICALLY RESPONSIVE MONOLAYERS
16.5.1 Electroactive Sensing/Switching
16.5.2 Electroactive SAMs for Chemical Modifications
16.6 MULTI-RESPONSIVE MONOLAYERS
16.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
REFERENCES
17 SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS AS MODEL BIOSURFACES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.1.1 Scales of Molecular Interactions and Examples
17.2 ORGANIC MONOLAYER FILMS
17.2.1 Atomic Layer Deposition
17.2.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Technique
17.2.3 Layer-by Layer Technique
17.2.4 Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs)
17.3 SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYERS
17.3.1 Substrates
17.3.2 Adsorbates
17.3.3 Types of SAMs
17.3.4 Characterization of SAMs
17.4 BIOLOGICAL SURFACES
17.4.1 Inert Surfaces
17.4.2 Proteins
17.4.3 Bacterial Cells
17.4.4 Mammalian Cells
17.4.5 Implants
17.5 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
18 LOW-DIMENSIONALITY EFFECTS IN ORGANIC FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 PHENOMENOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION OF OFETS
18.2.1 Basic Operation Principles
18.2.2 Contact Resistance
18.3 OFET FABRICATION
18.3.1 Fabrication of Contacts
18.3.2 Fabrication of the Active Layer
18.3.3 Chemical Functionalization of the Interfaces
18.4 CHARGE INJECTION IN OFETS: THE ORGANIC–METAL INTERFACE
18.4.1 Alignment of Energy Levels at the Charge Injection Interface
18.4.2 Structural and Morphological Disorder at the Charge Injection Interface
18.4.3 OFET as Charge Tunneling Device
18.5 LOW-DIMENSIONAL CHARGE TRANSPORT IN OFETS: DIELECTRIC/ORGANIC AND ORGANIC/ORGANIC INTERFACES
18.5.1 Low-Dimensional Charge Transport
18.5.2 Polarization Affects the Charge Distribution and Mobility
18.6 COUPLING THE CHANNEL TO AMBIENT: SENSING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONS
18.6.1 Sensing Principles
18.6.2 Dual Gate OFETs
18.6.3 OFET Sensors and Transducers in Liquids
18.7 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
REFERENCES
19 THE GROWTH OF ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS BY MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY AT SOLID SURFACES
19.1 INTRODUCTION: MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY
19.2 LIGHT-HARVESTING SYSTEMS: ZN-TMP/CU(100)
19.3 OPTIMIZED GEOMETRIES FOR BULK HETEROJUNCTIONS SOLAR CELLS: PCBM–EXTTF/AU(111)
19.3.1 PCBM/Au(111)
19.3.2 Ex-TTF/Au(111)
19.3.3 (PCBM + exTTF)/Au(111)
19.4 ORGANIC NANOCRYSTALS: SUBPC/CU(111)
19.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
20 BIOFUNCTIONALIZED SURFACES
20.1 INTRODUCTION
20.2 ASSEMBLING BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS ON INORGANIC SURFACES
20.2.1 Random Noncovalent Attachments
20.2.2 Functionalizing the Surface
20.3 SURFACE PATTERNING
20.4 SOME EXAMPLES
REFERENCES
21 CARBON NANOTUBE DERIVATIVES AS ANTICANCER DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
21.1 INTRODUCTION
21.2 CNT FUNCTIONALIZATION
21.3 NONCOVALENT FUNCTIONALIZATION
21.4 COVALENT FUNCTIONALIZATION
21.5 CNT TOXICITY
21.6 CNT AS DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR CANCER
21.7 UPTAKE MECHANISM
21.8 DELIVERY OF ANTINEOPLASTIC CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
21.9 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
22 POROUS NANOMATERIALS FOR BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
22.1 INTRODUCTION
22.2 MICRO- AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS MEETS BIOLOGY
22.3 IN VITRO STUDIES: INTERACTION OF ZEOLITES AND MESOPOROUS MATERIALS WITH CELLS
22.4 IN VIVO STUDIES: IMAGING AND DRUG DELIVERY
22.5 SELF-ASSEMBLY OF ZEOLITES INTO ORDERED MONOLAYERS
22.6 FUNCTIONALIZATION OF ZEOLITE MONOLAYERS
REFERENCES
23 DICATIONIC GEMINI NANOPARTICLE DESIGN FOR GENE THERAPY
23.1 GENE THERAPY AND CHALLENGES
23.2 GEMINI SURFACTANTS AS NOVEL BIOMATERIALS
23.2.1 Cationic Gemini Surfactants: General Structure and Possible Modifications
23.2.2 Synthesis of Gemini Surfactants
23.3 RATIONAL DESIGN OF GEMINI NANOPARTICLES
23.3.1 Effect of Alkyl Chain Length and Structure
23.3.2 Effect of Spacer Length and Structure
23.4 CHARACTERIZATION OF GEMINI NANOPARTICLES
23.5 TRANSFECTION PROPERTIES— STRUCTURE–ACTIVITY IN VITRO STUDIES
23.6 IN VIVO STUDIES
23.7 NANOPARTICLE DESIGN FOR SUBCELLULAR INTELLIGENCE
23.8 SUMMARY
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
24 SENSING Hg(II) IONS IN WATER: FROM MOLECULES TO NANOSTRUCTURED MOLECULAR MATERIALS
24.1 INTRODUCTION
24.2 HG(II) RESPONSIVE SMALL-MOLECULE RECEPTORS
24.2.1 Nitrogen Acyclic Receptors
24.2.2 Nitrogen Heterocyclic Receptors
24.2.3 Aza-Macrocyclic Based Receptors
24.3 NANOSTRUCTURED MOLECULAR MATERIALS AS HG(II) SENSORS
24.3.1 Hybrid Nanoparticles as Hg(II) Sensors
24.3.2 Solid-Supported Hg(II) Sensors
24.4 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
25 ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS FOR EFFICIENT BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
25.1 INTRODUCTION
25.1.1 Photovoltaic Devices for Solar Energy Conversion
25.1.2 Construction of Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell
25.1.3 Operation Principle of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
25.1.4 Characterization of Organic Photovoltaic Devices
25.2 MAJOR TRENDS IN THE DESIGN OF NOVEL PHOTOACTIVE MATERIALS FOR BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
25.3 ACTIVE LAYER NANOMORPHOLOGY AS A MAJOR FACTOR LIMITING PHOTOVOLTAIC PERFORMANCE OF BULK HETEROJ
25.4 ADVANCED ELECTRON ACCEPTOR MATERIALS FOR BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
25.5 ADVANCED ELECTRON DONOR MATERIALS FOR BULK HETEROJUNCTION SOLAR CELLS
25.6 CONCLUSION AND OUTLOOK
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
26 MESOSCOPIC DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS
26.1 INTRODUCTION
26.2 MESOSCOPIC NANOMATERIALS
26.3 MOLECULAR ABSORBERS
26.3.1 Ruthenium Sensitizers
26.3.2 Cyclometallated Ruthenium Complexes
26.4 REDOX MEDIATORS
26.5 COUNTERELECTRODE
26.6 CONCLUSIONS

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Tomas Torres,Giovanni Bottari,Organic Nanomaterials,Synthesis,Characterization,Device Applications