Omega 3 Fatty Acids and the DHA Principle 1st Edition by Raymond Valentine, David Valentine ISBN 9781040204047 104020404X

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Product details:
ISBN 10: 104020404X
ISBN 13: 9781040204047
Author: Raymond Valentine, David Valentine

Omega 3 Fatty Acids and the DHA Principle 1st Edition Table of contents:

Section 1 Introduction

1 Molecular Biology of Omega-3 Chains as Structural Lipids:

1.1 Membrane Lipids: Contribution to Ecology

1.2 Extraordinary Conformational Dynamics of Dha Predicts Extraordinary Functions and Vice Versa

1.3 Reductionist Strategy for Dha Research

Selected Bibliography

Section 2 Evolution of DHA and the Membrane

2 Darwinian Selection of the Fittest Membrane Lipids:

2.1 Bioenergetics as the Driver of Evolution of Lipid Structures

2.2 Do Archaea Have an Achilles’ Heel?

2.3 Dha Drives Motion to New Speeds: Evolution of Membranes for Vision

2.4 Summary

Selected Bibliography

3 Coevolution of DHA Membranes and Their Proteins

3.1 Did Motion or Lack of Motion Prevail in Membranes of Protocells?

3.2 Which Came First—Proteins or Membranes?

3.3 Ionophores Behave as Primitive Transporters and Some Depend on the Physical State of the Membrane

3.4 Many Archaeal Membrane Proteins are Laterally Immobile, But Some Can Spin

3.5 Sensory Perception Requires Membrane Lateral Motion

3.6 Does Rhodopsin Move Faster in A Dha (22:6) Versus Dpa (22:5) Bilayer?

3.7 Dha Phospholipids Liberate Membrane Enzymes/Substrates Trapped in Lipid Rafts

3.8 Have Some Membrane-Bound Enzymes Evolved Dependence On A Fluid Lipid Environment for Biocatalysis?

3.9 Phospholipid-Dependent Enzymes

3.10 Dha as A Space-Filling Sealant Around Membrane Proteins

3.11 Summary

Selected Bibliography

4 Convergent Evolution of DHA/EPA Biosynthetic Pathways

4.1 Domain Analysis of Dha/Epa Gene Clusters

4.2 The Pks Pathway

4.3 Mechanism of Specificity

4.4 Summary

Selected Bibliography

5 Membrane Evolution in a Marine Bacterium:

5.1 Energy Limitation Plagues the Life of A Deep-Sea Bacterium

5.2 Moritella has Evolved Powerful Na+ Efflux Pumps

5.3 Dha/Epa Synthesis Is Osmoregulated

5.4 Dha Conformational Dynamics Fit to Functions Needed in the Deep Sea

5.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

6 Evolution of DHA Membranes in Human Neurons

6.1 Dha May Reduce Na+ Leakage Into Neurons

6.2 Do Dha Plasmalogens Shield Cations?

6.3 Importance of Motion

6.4 Case Histories

6.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

Section 3 General Properties of Omega-3s and Other Membrane Lipids

7 Dha/Epa Chains as Powerful Membrane Antifreeze

7.1 Survey of Phospholipids Based on Phase Transition Temperatures

7.2 Ecological Distribution Of Phospholipids with Ultralow Phase Transition Temperatures

7.3 Calibrating the Fluidizing Power of Fatty Acids

7.4 Seeding Model of Dha in Disrupting Lipid Rafts

7.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

8 DHA as a Mediocre Permeability Barrier against Cations:

8.1 A Membrane-Spanning Nanotube Formed by an Antibiotic Creates A Molecular Thread of Water That Conducts Protons at Amazing Rates

8.2 Water Wires Likely form Spontaneously in Membranes

8.3 Dha And Water Wires

8.4 Fatty Acid Bulking for “Plugging the Proton Dike”

8.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

9 DHA/EPA Membranes as Targets of Oxidative Damage

9.1 Brief Chemistry of Lipoxidation of Dha/Epa Membranes

9.2 Dha Might be Toxic to E. Col

9.3 Growth of Epa Recombinants of E. Coli Indicates O2 Toxicity in Vivo

9.4 Yeast (Saccharomyces Cerevisiae) Synthesizes only Monounsaturated Chains and Feeding These Cells Polyunsaturated Chains can be Toxic

9.5 C. Elegans Produces Epa and Seeks or Creates Low O2 Environments

9.6 Birds

9.7 Humans: Rhodopsin Disk Membranes are Highly Enriched with Dha, Oxidize Rapidly, and Require Continuous Renewal

9.8 Summary

Selected Bibliography

Section 4 Cellular Biology of Omega-3s and Other Membrane Lipids

10 Bacteria:

10.1 Methyl-Branched Fatty Acids as Membrane Bulking Agents

10.2 Trans Fatty Acids Play Multiple Beneficial Roles

10.3 Cis-Vaccenic Acid Conformation Enables

10.4 Bacteria Might Produce Plasmalogens as H±/Na± Blockers

10.5 Dha as a Virulence Factor in a Fish Pathogen?

10.6 Summary

Selected Bibliography

11 Chloroplasts:

11.1 Long-Distance Electron Transport as a Rate-Limiting Step in Photosynthesis

11.2 Speeding up Long-Distance Electron Transport

11.3 A Delicate Balancing act Between Proton Permeability, Motion, and Oxidative Stability

11.4 Summary

Selected Bibliography

12 Mitochondria:

12.1 Making A Case for Dha-Cardiolipin in Fast Muscles

12.2 Possible Biochemical Roles of Dha Cardiolipin

12.3 Cardiolipin Case Histories

12.4 Natural Doping with Dha/ Epa for Endurance Flight

12.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

13 Sperm:

13.1 Surprise Number One: Dha is Localized in Tail Membranes

13.2 Surprise Number two: Low O2 Levels in the Female Reproductive Tract Protect Dha from Oxidation

13.3 Surprise Number Three: Motion is Energized by Sugar, A Weak Energy Source, Rather than Mitochondria

13.4 Surprise Number Four: Sperm Tail Membranes Are Excitatory In Nature And Must Expend Considerable Energy for Maintaining Na±/K±balance

13.5 Surprise Number Five: Dynamic Space-Filling Conformation of Dha

13.6 Surprise Number Six: Lessons from Sperm Applied to Neurosensory Cilia and other Mechano-Sensitive Membranes

13.7 Surprise Number Seven: Gender Determination Influenced by Diet?

13.8 Summary

Selected Bibliography

Section 5 Lessons and Applications

14 DHA/EPA Mutualism between Bacteria and

14.1 Gastrointestinal Tract of Fish is a Suitable Habitat For Dha/Epa Mutualism

14.2 Dha/Epa-Producing Bacteria Inhabit the Intestinal Tracts of Certain Marine Fish and Mollusks

14.3 Mechanisms for Release of Dha/ Epa to Benefit the Host

14.4 Summary

Selected Bibliography

15 Membrane Adaptations for an Oily Environment:

15.1 Genomic Analysis Reveals that Na+ Bioenergetics Evolved as a Mechanism to Marginalize Proton Leakage Caused by Petroleum

15.2 Outer Membrane (Om) Lipid Structure as a Physical Barrier Against Oil

15.3 Other Changes

15.4 Ecological Support

15.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

16 Lessons from Yeast:

16.1 Discovery and Roles of Asymmetrical Phospholipids in Yeast

16.2 Membrane Alterations Accompanying Fermentation

16.3 Energy Uncoupling in The Plasma Membrane of Yeast is Advantageous in Nature

16.4 Water Wire Theory Can Explain Uncoupling in Yeast

16.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

17 DHA Principle Applied to Global Warming

17.1 Marine Productivity is Threatened by Even Modest Thermal Upshocks

17.2 Highly Unsaturated Membranes of Symbiotic Algae of Corals have Already Been Implicated as “Reporters” Of Global Warming

17.3 Thermal Killing of Dha-Producing Bacteria as A Surrogate for Marine Chloroplasts

17.4 Conformational Model

17.5 Dha/Epa are Needed to Build Efficient Neurosensory Membranes in Zooplankton and Other Marine Animals

17.6 Summary

Selected Bibliography

18 DHA Principle Applied to Molecular Farming

18.1 Asilomar Conference in 1975 on Recombinant Dna Ushered in the Era of Genetically Engineered Crop Plants

18.2 Dha is Currently Produced from Marine Algae, but Crop Plants are Being Considered

18.3 Dha Produced by Land Plants is Predicted to be its Own Worst Enemy

18.4 Photo-Protection Might be Needed

18.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

19 DHA/Unsaturation Theory of Aging

19.1 Dha Content Predicts Long Life Span of Naked Mole Rats and Short Life of Mice

19.2 Unsaturation Theory Applied to Insects

19.3 Lipoxidation Mechanisms

19.4 Lipoxidation Products Might Directly Uncouple Cation Gradients in Mitochondria and Create Energy Stress

19.5 Integrating Energy Stress Caused by the Plasma Membrane Into the Aging Cascade(S)

19.6 Summary

Selected Bibliography

20 DHA Principle Applied to Neurodegenerative Diseases

20.1 DHA AS A RISK FACTOR IN AGING NEURONS

20.2 Drop in Dha Levels as A Disease Marker and Relationship to Energy Stress

20.3 Toxic Peptides as Energy Uncouplers?

20.4 Consideration of Neurodegenerative Diseases as Membrane Diseases

20.5 Summary

Selected Bibliography

21 Dietary DHA in Prevention of Colon Cancer:

21.1 Nature of Colon Cancer

21.2 Dietary Dha Targeted To Mitochondrial Cardiolipin of Colon Cells

21.3 Oxidation of Dha Cardiolipin as A Trigger of Apoptosis

21.4 Summary

Selected Bibliography

Index

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