Multiple Sclerosis A Mechanistic View 1st Edition by Alireza Minagar Md Faan 0128007631 9780128007631

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ISBN 10 : 0128007631 

ISBN 13 : 9780128007631

Author:   Alireza Minagar Md Faan 

Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic View provides a unique view of the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) and related disorders. As the only book on the market to focus on the mechanisms of MS rather than focusing on the clinical features and treatment of the disease, it describes the role of genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of MS, the role of specific cells in the pathophysiology of the disease, and the pathophysiology of inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders related to MS.

Multiple Sclerosis A Mechanistic View 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1. Clinical Manifestations of Multiple Sclerosis: An Overview
Introduction
Motor and sensory manifestations
Fatigue
Cognitive decline
Psychiatric manifestations
Optic neuritis and other neuroophthalmologic manifestations
Uveitis
Uhthoff phenomenon
Pulfrich phenomenon
Brain stem involvement in MS
Transverse myelitis
Cerebellar involvement and tremor in MS
Seizures and other paroxysmal features of MS
Painful syndromes
Bowel and bladder dysfunction
Movement disorders
Chapter 2. Novel Therapies for Multiple Sclerosis: A Mechanistic View
Introduction
Laquinimod
Monoclonal antibodies as novel therapies for MS
Alemtuzumab
Daclizumab
Ocrelizumab
Ofatumumab
Rituximab
The concept of remyelination as therapy for MS
AntiLINGO-1
rHIgM22
Chapter 3. Role of B Cells in the Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis: Mechanisms of Action
Introduction
Evidence of B cell involvement in the pathogenesis of MS and factors pointing to the limits of T cell action
The mechanism of B cell action in the development and progress of MS
The role of clonally expanded B cells
Role of B cells in priming/activating T cells
Regulatory B cells (Bregs)
Memory B cells
The role of MHC in triggering MS
Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Chapter 4. Role of CD4+ T Cells in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis
Summary
Traditional CNS inflammation versus “neuroinflammation”
Etiology of MS
Physiological and pathological roles of CD4+ T cell subsets
Classical Th1/Th2 immunoregulatory axis in MS and its animal models
Novel Th17/Treg immunoregulatory axis in MS and its animal models
Do “gain-of-function” changes affect susceptibility to MS?
“T cell exhaustion” as a protective mechanism against immunopathology
Protective roles of PD-1 and TIM-3 in MS and its animal models
Conclusions
Chapter 5. Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Central Nervous System Autoimmunity
Introduction
The role of GM-CSF in EAE
GM-CSF production by T cells in MS
Conclusion
Chapter 6. Role of Cytokine-Mediated Crosstalk between T Cells and Nonimmune Cells in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Pathogenic roles of CD4+ T cells
Pathogenic roles of CD8+ T cells
T cell subsets with suppressive functions
Pathogenic role of nonimmune cells: the inflammation amplifier
The mechanism of autoreactive T cell invasion into the CNS
Conclusion
Chapter 7. Vitamin D: Role in Pathogenesis of Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Vitamin D and genetic susceptibility to MS
Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for MS
Experimental autoimmune encephalitis
Role of vitamin D in disability progression and relapses in MS
Supplementation of vitamin D
Therapeutic potential of vitamin D
Closing remarks
Chapter 8. Role of Genetic Factors in Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis
A genetic component to multiple sclerosis
Identification of genetic risk variants
Missing heritability
Association with disease phenotype and therapy outcome
From gene to function
Concluding remarks
Chapter 9. Neuropathology of Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Plaque types
Mechanisms of white matter demyelination
The pathological substrate of MS progression
Cortical demyelination in early MS
Remyelination
Conclusion
Chapter 10. Pathophysiology of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis
Introduction
Epidemiology
Immunopathogenesis of ADEM
Pathology of ADEM
Do ADEM and MS represent a part of immune-mediated spectrum of demyelinating disorders?
Conclusion
Chapter 11. Pathophysiology of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Introduction
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Immunopathogenesis of EAE
Monocytes/macrophages
Concluding remarks
Chapter 12. Pathophysiology of Optic Neuritis
Introduction
ON in relation to the risk of MS
Epidemiology of ON in MS
The afferent visual pathway
Clinical features of optic neuritis
Inflammation in optic neuritis
Demyelination in optic neuritis
Axonal and neuronal degeneration in optic neuritis
Imaging and electrophysiologic correlates of optic neuritis
Conclusions
Disclosures
Chapter 13. Neurodegeneration and Remyelination in Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Inflammation and neurodegeneration
Conclusion
Chapter 14. Mechanisms of Action of Glatiramer Acetate in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Section 1. Introduction
Section 2. Impact on adaptive immune responses
Section 3. Glatiramer acetate as a neuroprotective agent
Conclusion
Chapter 15. Mechanism of Action of Interferon Beta in Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
IFNβ signaling pathway
Association between molecular defects in IFNβ signaling and MS pathogenesis
Modifying the immune response due to effects on multiple cell types
Therapeutic effects of IFNβ through targeting B cells’ functions
Effects of IFNβ on DCs
IFNβ blocks T cell activation
Downregulation of MHC II expression
Inhibition of coactivators interaction
Upregulation of death receptors and CTLA4 on the T cell surface
The effect of IFNβ in cytokine shift
The BBB in the pathogenesis of MS
Mechanisms of action of IFNβ at the BBB
ECAMs and junctional proteins
Chemokines and chemokines receptors
MMPs and CD73 protein
The effect of IFNβ in the CNS
MS and miRNAs
Vitamin D and IFNβ treatments in MS
Chapter 16. Mechanisms of Blood–Brain Barrier Disintegration in the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis
The blood–brain barrier: normal anatomy and physiology
BBB disintegration in MS: a mechanistic picture
Chemokines and cytokines in MS
Role of cell-derived microparticles in the pathogenesis of MS
MRI and blood–brain disintegration in MS
Conclusion
Chapter 17. Mechanisms and Potentials of Stem Cells in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis: The Unpaved Path
Introduction
Neural progenitor/stem cells (NP/SCs): mechanism of function
Mesenchymal stem cells: mechanisms of function
Hematopoetic stem cells
Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells
Allogenic stem cell therapy
Conclusion
List of abbreviations
Chapter 18. Role of Neuroimaging in Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Conventional MRI techniques
Nonconventional MRI techniques
Conclusions
List of abbreviations
Chapter 19. Pathophysiology of Lymphatic Drainage of the Central Nervous System: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Multiple Sclerosis
Introduction
Lymphatic drainage of CSF
Lymphatic drainage of ISF from the brain parenchyma
Evidence for lymphatic drainage of the human brain
Age-related deterioration of perivascular lymphatic drainage of the brain
Motive force for perivascular lymphatic drainage
Temporary impairment of perivascular drainage by immune complexes
Pathophysiology of perivascular macrophages
Interrelationship between CSF and ISF
Immunological significance of lymphatic drainage of the brain and implications for MS
Conclusions

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