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Marine Genetic Resources Access and Benefit Sharing Legal and Biological Perspectives 1st Edition by Bevis Fedder, Jiri Krasnu, John M Sharp ISBN 1134122152 9781134122158

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Marine Genetic Resources Access and Benefit Sharing Legal and Biological Perspectives 1st Edition Bevis Fedder Digital Instant Download

Author(s): Bevis Fedder; Jiri Krasnu; John M. Sharp
ISBN(s): 9781134122158, 1134122152
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.35 MB
Year: 2013
Language: english
SKU: EB-51263974 Category: Tags: , ,

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ISBN 10: 1134122152 
ISBN 13: 9781134122158
Author: Bevis Fedder, Jiri Krasnu, John M Sharp

Access to genetic resources and Benefit Sharing (ABS) has been promoted under the Convention on Biological Diversity, with the aim of combining biodiversity conservation goals with economic development. However, as this book shows, since its inception in 1992, implementation has encountered multiple challenges and obstacles. This is particularly so in the marine environment, where interest in genetic resources for pharmaceuticals and nutrients has increased. This is partly because of the lack of clarity of terminology, but also because of the terms of the comprehensive law of the sea (UNCLOS) and transboundary issues of delineating ownership of marine resources. The author explains and compares relevant provisions and concepts under ABS and the law of the sea taking access, benefit sharing, monitoring, compliance, and dispute settlement into consideration. He also provides an overview of the implementation status of ABS-relevant measures in user states and identifies successful ABS transactions. A key unique feature of the book is to illustrate how biological databases can serve as the central scientific infrastructure to implement the global multilateral benefit sharing mechanism, proposed by the Nagoya Protocol. The research for this book was supported by both the Bremen International Graduate School for Marine Sciences (GLOMAR) and the International Research Training Group INTERCOAST – Integrated Coastal Zone and Shelf-Sea Research.

Marine Genetic Resources Access and Benefit Sharing Legal and Biological Perspectives 1st Table of contents:

1. Introduction

  • Problems and objectives

2. Factual Background

  • Introduction

  • Marine biotechnology

  • Agrochemicals

  • Antifoulants

  • Bioremediation

  • Biofuels

  • Industrial enzymes

  • Mariculture

  • Nutraceuticals and food-additives

  • Personal care

  • Pharmaceuticals

  • Reporter genes

  • Taxonomy

  • Other

  • Distribution of marine species

  • Conclusions

3. Access and Benefit Sharing in the Marine Realm

  • Introduction

  • Marine organisms, biological molecules and benefits from utilization

  • Stakeholders

  • Conflicts arising from collection and utilization

  • International instruments

    • Convention on Biological Diversity, Bonn Guidelines and Nagoya Protocol

    • United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

  • Outlook

  • Sovereign rights and the common heritage of mankind

    • Background of sovereign rights over natural resources

    • Limited sovereign rights and emergence of international environmental law

    • Background of the common heritage of mankind principle

    • Comparison of sovereign rights and the common heritage of mankind

    • Sovereignty, sovereign rights and the common heritage of mankind in UNCLOS

    • Sovereign rights, common heritage and genetic resources

    • Remarks

  • Sovereign rights over genetic resources

    • Definition of genetic resources

    • Functional units of heredity

    • Actual or potential value

    • Remarks

  • Utilization of genetic resources and biological resources

    • Utilization of genetic resources vs. ‘traditional’ uses

    • Remarks

  • Access to genetic resources

    • Remarks

  • International instruments for activities on marine genetic resources

  • Access to marine genetic resources

    • General provisions under UNCLOS

    • General access provisions under the ABS regime

    • Internal waters and territorial sea

    • Exclusive economic zone and the continental shelves

    • High seas and the Area

  • Regulation of access to derivatives

  • Sharing of benefits from utilization of marine genetic resources

    • General benefit-sharing provisions under UNCLOS

    • General benefit-sharing provisions under the ABS regime

    • Benefit-sharing provisions in distinct maritime zones

    • Comparison of UNCLOS and the ABS regime

  • Monitoring, compliance and dispute settlement

    • General provisions under UNCLOS

    • General provisions under the ABS regime

    • Provisions in distinct maritime zones

    • Comparison of UNCLOS and the ABS regime

    • Remarks

  • National regimes on management of marine genetic resources

    • Australian ABS legislation

      • Federal level

      • Northern Territory

      • Queensland Biodiscovery Act 2004

    • European ABS legislation and policy measures

      • European Union

      • Belgium

      • Bulgaria

      • Germany

      • Italy

      • Malta

      • Portugal

      • Greenland (Denmark)

      • Norway

    • Remarks

  • Selected case studies

    • Biological resources access agreement between the Commonwealth of Australia and the J. Craig Venter Institute

    • Partnership for natural product discovery between Griffith University, Queensland and AstraZeneca

    • Remarks

  • Conclusions

4. Weak Points of the Access and Benefit Sharing Regime

  • Introduction

  • Injustice

  • Competition and inequitable use

  • Contemporary approaches towards increasing justice in ABS

    • The Multilateral System of the International Treaty for Plant Genetic Resources

    • The Convention on Biological Diversity and Nagoya Protocol

    • Regional communities

    • Gene cooperatives and the Biodiversity Cartel theory

  • Conclusions

  • Ineffectiveness

  • Hampering research and development

  • Conclusions

5. Biological Databases for Improving the ABS System

  • Introduction

  • Bioinformatics

  • Tracing products to their source countries and monitoring users

  • Linking products from marine genetic resources to the source species

    • Dictionary of Marine Natural Products

    • Thieme RÖMPP Online

    • The Merck Index

    • Natural Products Alert

    • PubChem

    • GenBank

    • National Center for Biotechnology Information Protein database

    • Universal Protein Resource

  • Linking the source species to its geographical distribution

    • Ocean Biogeographic Information System

    • Global Biodiversity Information Facility

  • Exemplary application of selected databases

    • Tracing products from marine genetic resources to their source countries

    • Monitoring users of marine genetic resources

    • Remarks

  • Objectives of the Convention on Biological Diversity

    • Justice

    • Effectiveness

    • Research and development

    • The global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism

    • Weak points

  • Conclusions

6. Conclusions

Notes

  • 1 Introduction

  • 2 Factual background

  • 3 Access and benefit sharing in the marine realm

  • 5 Biological databases for improving the ABS system

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Tags: Bevis Fedder, Jiri Krasnu, John M Sharp, Marine Genetic