Life in the Frozen State 1st Edition by Barry Fuller, Nick Lane, Erica E Benson ISBN 0415247004 9780415247009

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ISBN 10: 0415247004 
ISBN 13: 9780415247009
Author: Barry Fuller, Nick Lane, Erica E Benson

Life in the Frozen State 1st Table of contents:

Theme 1: Fundamental Aspects
1 Principles of Cryobiology
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Underlying Biophysics and Cell Biology
1.3 Cryobiology Principles
1.4 Warming and Thawing
1.5 Summary and Conclusions
References
2 The Water to Ice Transition: Implications for Living Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Water to Ice
2.3 Cryoprotective Additives
2.4 Mechanisms of Cryoinjury
2.5 Investigation of the Mechanisms of Cryoinjury
2.6 Ice Growth in Tissues
2.7 Melting of Ice
2.8 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Theme 2: Life and Death at Low Temperatures
3 Life in the Polar Terrestrial Environment with a Focus on Algae and Cyanobacteria
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Physical and Biological Attributes of the Polar Terrestrial Environment
3.3 Life Strategies and Stress Factors in the Terrestrial Polar Environment
3.4 Exploitation of Polar Research in Applied Cryobiology
3.5 Biochemical Cryoprotection Strategies in Polar Organisms: Potential for Deployment in Applied Cryobiology
3.6 Future Directions of Polar Cryobiological Research
Acknowledgments
References
4 Microbial Life in Permafrost: Extended Times in Extreme Conditions
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Permafrost Physical Characteristics
4.3 Permafrost Diversity
4.4 Mechanisms of Survival
4.5 Importance of the Permafrost Environment
References
5 Adaptation of Higher Plants to Freezing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Plant Freezing
5.3 Extracellular-Freezing-Induced Damage
5.4 Acclimation to Cold and Freezing
5.5 Genetic Analysis of Adaptation to Freezing
5.6 Control of Acclimation
5.7 Conclusion
References
6 Oxidative Stress in the Frozen Plant: A Free Radical Point of View
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principles of Free Radical Chemistry and Biochemistry
6.3 Metabolism, Redox Coupling, Cellular Integrity: Effect of Low Temperatures
6.4 Antioxidant Protection at Low Temperatures
6.5 Oxidative Stress in the Frozen State: The Evidence
6.6 Free Radicals and Cryopreserved Plant Germplasm
6.7 To what Extent Do Oxidative Processes Occur in the Frozen and Cryopreserved State?
6.8 Conclusions and Future Studies
Acknowledgments
References
7 Physiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology of Vertebrate Freeze Tolerance: The Wood Frog
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Limits and Influences on Freezing Survival in Wood Frogs
7.3 Physiology of Freezing and Thawing
7.4 Cryoprotectants: Biochemistry, Regulation, and Function
7.5 Freezing Survival: Ischemia Resistance and Antioxidant Defenses
7.6 Molecular Biology of Freezing Survival
7.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Theme 3: Freezing and Banking of Living Resources
8 Preservation of Fungi and Yeasts
8.1 Introduction
8.2 The Stress Responses of Fungi and Yeasts
8.3 Preconditioning
8.4 Cryopreservation of Microorganisms
8.5 Lyophilization
8.6 Other Preservation Methods
8.7 Conclusions
References
9 Cryoconserving Algal and Plant Diversity: Historical Perspectives and Future Challenges
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Why Cryoconserve Algae and Plants? The Consequences of Extinction
9.3 Charting the History of Plant Cryoprotection
9.4 Cryopreserving Nomadic Algae: The Voyages of Pringsheim’s Cultures
9.5 Crop Plant Germplasm Conservation: Nikolay Vavilov’s Legacy
9.6 Cryopreserving Seeds and Embryos: a Focus on Recalcitrance
9.7 Conclusions: From Ecosystems to Cryovials
Acknowledgments
References
10 Plant Cryopreservation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Survival Mechanism of Very Hardy Plants and Cells Cooled to –196°C.
10.3 Development of Cryopreservation
10.4 Classification of Cryogenic Procedure
10.5 Concept of Vitrification
10.6 Vitrification Protocol
10.7 Encapsulation/Dehydration Technique
10.8 Discussion
10.9 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
11 The Early History of Gamete Cryobiology
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Measurements of Temperature: Invention of the Thermometer
11.3 Chemistry of Solutions: Liquefaction of Gases
11.4 Gamete Biology
11.5 Effect of Low Temperatures on Rabbit Spermatozoa
11.6 Early Attempts to Preserve Spermatozoa
11.7 The “Breakthrough”: Discovery of the Protective Effect of Glycerol
11.8 Interrupted Rapid Cooling of Bull Spermatozoa
11.9 Human Pregnancies by Ai with Frozen Spermatozoa
11.10 Chang’s Low-Temperature Experiments on Rabbit Oocytes and Zygotes
11.11 Sherman and Lin: Freezing and Storage of Mouse Eggs
11.12 Mazur’s Equations
11.13 Cryopreservation of Mouse Embryos
11.14 Summaries and Reviews of Gamete and Embryo Cryobiology
11.15 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
12 Cryobiology of Gametes and the Breeding of Domestic Animals
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Cryopreservation of Mammalian Spermatozoa and Artificial Insemination
12.3 Cryopreservation of Domestic Animal Embryos and Their Transfer
12.4 Cryobiology of Mammalian Oocytes
12.5 Cryopreservation of IVP Embryos of Domestic Species
12.6 Cryopreservation of Spermatozoa of Domestic Avian Species
12.7 Conclusions
References
13 Cryopreservation as a Supporting Measure in Species Conservation; “Not the Frozen Zoo!”
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Reproduction and Population Viability
13.3 When Should Cryopreservation Be Used as a Species Support Tool?
13.4 Tissue and Germplasm Banks for Conservation
13.5 Cryopreservation, Conservation, and Cloning
13.6 Limits and Successes with Cryopreservation
13.7 Conclusions
References
14 Cryopreservation of Gametes and Embryos of Aquatic Species
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Cryopreservation of Fish Gametes
14.3 Cryopreservation of Fish Eggs and Embryos
14.4 Cryopreservation of Aquatic Invertebrate
References
15 Fundamental Issues for Cell-Line Banks in Biotechnology and Regulatory Affairs
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Fundamental Issues in Cell Culture
15.3 Standardization
15.4 Establishment and Validation of Procedures
15.5 Storage Facilities
15.6 Issues for Long-Term Storage
15.7 Regulation and Quality Assurance of Cell Banks of Animal Cell Substrates
15.8 Biological Resource Centers
15.9 Ownership of Cell Lines and Patents
15.10 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Theme 4: Medical Applications
16 Mechanisms of Injury Caused by in Vivo Freezing
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Role of Direct Cellular Injury in Cryosurgery
16.3 The Role of Immunological Injury in Cryosurgery
16.4 The Role of Vascular Injury in Cryosurgery
16.5 Molecular Adjuvants for Cryosurgery
16.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
17 Cryopreservation in Transfusion Medicine and Hematology
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Cryopreservation of Erythrocytes
17.3 Cryopreservation of Thrombocytes
17.4 Cryopreservation of Granulocytes
17.5 Cryopreservation of Lymphocytes and Monocytes
17.6 Cryopreservation of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells
17.7 General Conclusions
References
18 Cryopreservation of Human Gametes and Embryos
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Nature of the Problem
18.3 Cryopreservation of the Female Gamete: Ovarian Tissue to Oocyte
18.4 Cryopreservation of Human Oocytes
18.5 Cryopreservation of the Male Gamete
18.6 Embryo Cryopreservation
18.7 Safety Issues in Cryobanking Human Reproductive Materials
18.8 Discussion
References
19 The Scientific Basis for Tissue Banking
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Banking of Tissues where Cellular Viability is Not a Prerequisite
19.3 Banking of Tissues where Cellular Viability is or is Presumed to Be an Essential Requirement for Optimum Function
19.4 Ethical and Safety Considerations
19.5 Future Prospects for Tissue Banking
References
20 Engineering Desiccation Tolerance in Mammalian Cells: Tools and Techniques
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Approaches to Long-Term Storage
20.3 Loading of Protectants into Mammalian Cells
20.4 Drying Techniques
20.5 Storage and Biological Glasses
20.6 Importance of Rehydration
20.7 Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
21 Stabilization of Cells during Freeze-Drying: The Trehalose Myth
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Are Freezing and Dehydration Similar Stress Vectors?
21.3 Trehalose and Freeze-Drying Intact Cells
21.4 Revival of the Myth: Trehalose Works Under Suboptimal Conditions
21.5 Can We Use what We Have Learned from Model Systems to Preserve Intact Cells in the Dry State?
21.6 Freeze-Drying Human Blood Platelets
21.7 Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
22 Vitrification in Tissue Preservation: New Developments
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Background and Historical Perspective
22.3 Evidence that Extracellular Ice is Harmful
22.4 Approaches to Ice-Free Cryopreservation
22.5 Synopsis of Vitrification Compared with Freezing, and the Advantages of Vitreous Cryopreservation
22.6 Application to Viable Tissues
22.7 Future Developments in Relation to Tissue Banking and Tissue Engineering for Transplantation
Acknowledgments
References
Theme 5: The Future of Cryobiology
23 The Future of Cryobiology
23.1 Progress and Stasis: 50 Years of Cryobiology
23.2 Limitations of the Biophysical Approach to Cryobiology
23.3 Nature’s Laboratory
23.4 The Crucible of Evolution
23.5 Parallels in Plants
23.6 First Steps to the “New” Cryobiology
23.7 Preconditioning Dehydration Tolerance
23.8 Stability of Glasses
23.9 Stabilizing Energy-Transducing Membranes
23.10 The Future of Cryobiology

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