Introduction to Chemistry A Conceptual Approach 2nd Edition by Richard Bauer, James Birk, Pamela Marks ISBN 0077405706 9780077405700

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ISBN 10: 0077405706
ISBN 13: 9780077405700
Author: Richard Bauer, James Birk, Pamela Marks

Introduction to Chemistry A Conceptual Approach 2nd Edition Table of contents:

1: Matter and Energy

MATTER AND ITS CLASSIFICATION

Composition of Matter

Representations of Matter

States of Matter

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES AND PROPERTIES OF MATTER

Physical Properties

Physical Changes

Chemical Changes

Chemical Properties

ENERGY AND ENERGY CHANGES

SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY

Observations

Hypotheses

Laws

Theories

Scientific Inquiry in Practice

Summary

Math Toolbox 1.1 Scientific Notation

Math Toolbox 1.2 Significant Figures

Math Toolbox 1.3 Units and Conversions

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

2: Atoms, Ions, and the Periodic Table

DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM

Subatomic Particles

The Nuclear Atom

Isotopes, Atomic Number, and Mass Number

IONS

ATOMIC MASS

THE PERIODIC TABLE

Classification of Elements

Ions and the Periodic Table

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

3: Chemical Compounds

IONIC AND MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

MONATOMIC AND POLYATOMIC IONS

Monatomic Ions

Polyatomic Ions

FORMULAS FOR IONIC COMPOUNDS

NAMING IONIC COMPOUNDS

NAMING AND WRITING FORMULAS FOR MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS

ACIDS AND BASES

PREDICTING PROPERTIES AND NAMING COMPOUNDS

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

4: Chemical Composition

PERCENT COMPOSITION

MOLE QUANTITIES

Moles and Particles

Molar Mass

DETERMINING EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAS

Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Determining Empirical Formulas

Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition

Empirical Formulas for Compounds Containing More Than Two Elements

Empirical Formulas with Fractional Mole Ratios

Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas

Determining Percent Composition

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOLUTIONS

Concentration

Percent by Mass

Molarity

Dilution

Summary

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

5: Chemical Reactions and Equations

WHAT IS A CHEMICAL REACTION?

HOW DO WE KNOW A CHEMICAL REACTION OCCURS?

WRITING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

PREDICTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Decomposition Reactions

Combination Reactions

Single-Displacement Reactions

Double-Displacement Reactions

Combustion Reactions

REPRESENTING REACTIONS IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

6: Quantities in Chemical Reactions

THE MEANING OF A BALANCED EQUATION

MOLE-MOLE CONVERSIONS

MASS-MASS CONVERSIONS

LIMITING REACTANTS

PERCENT YIELD

ENERGY CHANGES

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy Changes That Accompany Chemical Reactions

Quantities of Heat

HEAT CHANGES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Summary

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

7: Electron Structure of the Atom

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION AND ENERGY

Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation

Atomic Spectra

THE BOHR MODEL OF THE HYDROGEN ATOM

THE MODERN MODEL OF THE ATOM

Orbital Diagrams for Multielectron Atoms

Electron Configurations

PERIODICITY OF ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS

VALENCE ELECTRONS FOR THE MAIN-GROUP ELEMENTS

ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS FOR IONS

PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ATOMS

Chemical Reactivity and Electron Configurations

Ionization Energy

Atomic Size

Sizes of Ions

Summary

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

8: Chemical Bonding

TYPES OF BONDS

Ionic and Covalent Bonding

Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

Electronegativity

IONIC BONDING

Lewis Symbols

Structures of Ionic Crystals

COVALENT BONDING

The Octet Rule

Lewis Formulas for the Diatomic Elements

Valence Electrons and Number of Bonds

Structures of Covalent Molecules

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Bonding in Carbon Compounds

SHAPES OF MOLECULES

The Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory

Polarity of Molecules

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

9: The Gaseous State

THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Temperature and Density

Pressure

FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE PROPERTIES OF GASES

Volume and Pressure

Volume and Temperature

Volume, Pressure, and Temperature

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes

Avogadro’s Hypothesis

THE IDEAL GAS LAW

Calculations with the Ideal Gas Law

Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY OF GASES

Postulates of Kinetic-Molecular Theory

Diffusion and Effusion

GASES AND CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Product Volume from Reactant Volume

Moles and Mass from Volume

Summary

Math Toolbox 9.1 Graphing

Math Toolbox 9.2 Solving Simple Algebraic Equations

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

10: The Liquid and Solid States

CHANGES OF STATE

Liquid-Gas Phase Changes

Liquid-Solid Phase Changes

Solid-Gas Phase Changes

Cooling and Heating Curves

Energy Changes

INTERMOLECULAR FORCES

London Dispersion Forces

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Hydrogen Bonding

Trends in Intermolecular Forces

PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS

Density

Viscosity

Surface Tension

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS

Crystals and Crystal Lattices

Types of Crystalline Solids

Summary

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

11: Solutions

THE COMPOSITION OF SOLUTIONS

THE SOLUTION PROCESS

FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOLUBILITY

Structure

Temperature

Pressure

MEASURING CONCENTRATIONS OF SOLUTIONS

Percent by Mass

Percent by Volume

Mass/Volume Percent

Parts per Million and Parts per Billion

Molarity

Molality

QUANTITIES FOR REACTIONS THAT OCCUR IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

Precipitation Reactions

Acid-Base Titrations

COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Osmotic Pressure

Vapor Pressure Lowering

Boiling Point Elevation

Freezing Point Depression

Colligative Properties and Strong Electrolytes

Summary

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

12: Reaction Rates and Chemical Equilibrium

REACTION RATES

COLLISION THEORY

CONDITIONS THAT AFFECT REACTION RATES

Concentration and Surface Area

Temperature

Catalysts

CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM

THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT

The Equilibrium Constant Expression

Predicting the Direction of a Reaction

Heterogeneous Equilibrium

LE CHATELIER’S PRINCIPLE

Reactant or Product Concentration

Volume of the Reaction Container

Temperature

Catalysts

Increasing Product Yield

Summary

Key Relationship

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

13: Acids and Bases

WHAT ARE ACIDS AND BASES?

Acid and Base Definitions

Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs

Acidic Hydrogen Atoms

STRONG AND WEAK ACIDS AND BASES

Strong Acids

Strong Bases

Weak Acids

Weak Bases

RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF WEAK ACIDS

Acid Ionization Constants

Polyprotic Acids

ACIDIC, BASIC, AND NEUTRAL SOLUTIONS

The Ion-Product Constant of Water

Calculating H3O+ and OH- Ion Concentrations

THE pH SCALE

Calculating pH

Calculating pOH

Calculating Concentrations from pH or pOH

Measuring pH

BUFFERED SOLUTIONS

Summary

Math Toolbox 13.1 Log and Inverse Log Functions

Key Relationships

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

14: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

WHAT IS AN OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTION?

OXIDATION NUMBERS

BATTERIES

BALANCING SIMPLE OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUATIONS

BALANCING COMPLEX OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUATIONS

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

Voltaic Cells

Electrolytic Cells

CORROSION PREVENTION

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

15: Nuclear Chemistry

RADIOACTIVITY

Nuclear Decay

Radiation

NUCLEAR REACTIONS

Equations for Nuclear Reactions

Particle Accelerators

Predicting Spontaneous Nuclear Decay Reactions

RATES OF RADIOACTIVE DECAY

Detection of Radiation

Half-Lives

Archeological Dating

Geological Dating

MEDICAL APPLICATIONS OF ISOTOPES

Power Generators

Medical Diagnoses

Positron Emission Tomography

Cancer Therapy

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION

Radiation Exposure

Radon

NUCLEAR ENERGY

Uranium-235 Fission

Chain Reactions

Fission Reactors

Fusion Reactors

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

16: Organic Chemistry

REPRESENTATIONS OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

HYDROCARBONS

Classes of Hydrocarbons

Petroleum

ACYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

Alkanes

Alkenes and Alkynes

CYCLIC HYDROCARBONS

Cycloalkanes and Cycloalkenes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

ALCOHOLS AND ETHERS

Alcohols

Ethers

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

Aldehydes

Ketones

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS

Carboxylic Acids

Esters

AMINES

ORGANIC NOMENCLATURE

Alkanes

Alkenes and Alkynes

Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Other Naming Conventions

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

17: Biochemistry

PROTEINS

Composition of Proteins

Hydrolysis of Proteins

Structure of Proteins

Denaturation of Proteins

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Structure of Nucleic Acids

Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Replication

Ribonucleic Acid, Transcription, and Translation

CARBOHYDRATES

Simple Carbohydrates

Complex Carbohydrates

LIPIDS

Summary

Key Terms

Questions and Problems

Appendices

USEFUL REFERENCE INFORMATION

MATH TOOLBOXES

ANSWERS TO PRACTICE PROBLEMS

ANSWERS TO SELECTED QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

Glossary

Credits

Index

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