Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Interactions 7th Edition by Edward P Sarafino, Timothy W Smith ISBN 0470646985 9780470646984

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Author: Edward P Sarafino, Timothy W Smith

Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Interactions 7th Table of contents:

Part I An Introduction: Basic Issues and Processes 1

Chapter 1 An Overview of Psychology and Health 1

What is Health? 2

An Illness/Wellness Continuum 2

Illness Today and in the Past 2

Viewpoints from History: Physiology, Disease Processes, and the Mind 5

Early Cultures 5

Ancient Greece and Rome 5

The Middle Ages 6

The Renaissance and After 6

Seeing a Need: Psychology’s Role in Health 7

Problems in the Health Care System 7

‘‘The Person’’ in Health and Illness 8

Assess Yourself: What’s Your Lifestyle Like? 8

How the Role of Psychology Emerged 10

Health Psychology: The Profession 12

Clinical Methods and Issues: Behaviorism’s Legacy: Progress in Health Psychology’s Goals 12

Current Perspectives on Health and Illness 13

The Biopsychosocial Perspective 13

Life-Span and Gender Perspectives 16

Related Scientific Fields: Foundations and Connections for Health Psychology 17

Related Fields 17

Highlight: Related Nonpsychology Careers 18

Health and Psychology across Cultures 20

Research Methods 21

Experiments 21

Correlational Studies 23

Quasi-Experimental Studies 24

Genetics Research 26

Which Research Method is Best? 28

Chapter 2 The Body’s Physical Systems 30

Module 1: The Nervous System 31

How the Nervous System Works 31

The Central Nervous System 33

Clinical Methods and Issues: Biofeedback Treatment for Paralysis 36

The Peripheral Nervous System 36

Module 2: The Endocrine System 38

The Endocrine and Nervous Systems Working Together 38

Adrenal Glands 39

Other Glands 39

Highlight: Our Physiological Individuality 40

Module 3: The Digestive System 41

Food’s Journey through Digestive Organs 41

Using Nutrients in Metabolism 43

Assess Yourself: How Many Calories Do You Burn While Resting? 44

Module 4: The Respiratory System 44

The Respiratory Tract 44

Respiratory Function and Disorders 45

Module 5: The Cardiovascular System 46

The Heart and Blood Vessels 47

Blood Pressure 48

Blood Composition 49

Cardiovascular Disorders 50

Module 6: The Immune System 50

Antigens 51

The Organs of the Immune System 51

Soldiers of the Immune System 52

Defending the Body with an Immune Response 53

Highlight: When Immune Functions Are Absent 54

Less-Than-Optimal Defenses 55

Part II Stress, Illness, and Coping 57

Chapter 3 Stress—Its Meaning, Impact, and Sources 57

Experiencing Stress in Our Lives 58

What is Stress? 58

Appraising Events as Stressful 59

Clinical Methods and Issues: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 61

Dimensions of Stress 61

Biopsychosocial Aspects of Stress 62

Biological Aspects of Stress 62

Psychosocial Aspects of Stress 65

Sources of Stress throughout Life 67

Sources within the Person 67

Sources in the Family 68

Sources in the Community and Society 71

Highlight: Gender Differences in Caregiving? 71

Highlight: Does Environmental Stress Affect Reactivity to New Stressors? 74

Measuring Stress 74

Physiological Arousal 74

Life Events 75

Daily Hassles 77

Chronic Stressors in Specific Domains 78

Can Stress Be Good for You? 78

Assess Yourself: Hassles in Your Life 78

Chapter 4 Stress, Biopsychosocial Factors, and Illness 82

Psychosocial Modifiers of Stress 83

Social Support 83

Assess Yourself: How Much Emotional Support Do

You Get? 85

A Sense of Personal Control 89

Clinical Methods and Issues: Social Support, Therapy, and Cognitive Processes 89

Personality Factors in Stress 93

Type A Behavior and Beyond 95

How Stress Affects Health 98

Stress, Behavior, and Illness 98

Stress, Physiology, and Illness 99

Psychoneuroimmunology 101

Highlight: Stress and Wound Healing 104

Psychophysiological Disorders 104

Digestive System Diseases 104

Asthma 105

Recurrent Headache 105

Other Disorders 106

Stress and Cardiovascular Disorders 106

Hypertension 106

Coronary Heart Disease 108

Highlight: Does Acculturation Increase Blood Pressure? 109

Stress and Cancer 109

Chapter 5 Coping with and Reducing Stress 112

Coping with Stress 113

What is Coping? 113

Functions and Methods of Coping 113

Assess Yourself: Your Focuses in Coping 114

Reducing the Potential for Stress 118

Enhancing Social Support 118

Highlight: Do Religiousness and Spirituality Reduce Stress and Enhance Health? 119

Managing Interpersonal Problems 120

Highlight: The Amish Way of Social Support in Bereavement 120

Improving One’s Personal Control 121

Organizing One’s World Better 121

Exercising: Links to Stress and Health 121

Preparing for Stressful Events 122

Reducing Stress Reactions: Stress Management 123

Medication 123

Behavioral and Cognitive Methods 123

Clinical Methods and Issues: The Case of ‘‘Bear’’ 127

Clinical Methods and Issues: Treating Insomnia 129

Massage, Meditation, and Hypnosis 129

Highlight: Can Interventions Curb Adverse Childhood Experiences? 131

Using Stress Management to Reduce Coronary Risk 131

Modifying Type A Behavior 131

Treating Hypertension 132

Part III Lifestyles to Enhance Health and Prevent Illness 135

Chapter 6 Health-Related Behavior and Health Promotion 135

Health and Behavior 136

Lifestyles, Risk Factors, and Health 136

Highlight: Which Health Behaviors Are Beneficial against Breast Cancer? 138

Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Preventing Illness 139

Problems in Promoting Wellness 140

What Determines People’s Health-Related Behavior? 142

General Factors in Health-Related Behavior 142

The Role of Beliefs and Intentions 144

The Role of Less Rational Processes 149

Developmental, Gender, and Sociocultural Factors in Health 150

Development and Health 150

Gender and Health 153

Sociocultural Factors and Health 153

Programs for Health Promotion 155

Methods for Promoting Health 155

Clinical Methods and Issues: Dialogues to Help People Stop Smoking 157

Promoting Health in Schools and Religious Organizations 159

Worksite and Community-Based Wellness Programs 160

Electronic Interventions for Health Promotion 160

Prevention with Specific Targets: Focusing on AIDS 161

Assess Yourself: Your Knowledge about HIV/AIDS 162

Chapter 7 Substance Use and Abuse 167

Substance Abuse 168

Addiction and Dependence 168

Processes Leading to Dependence 168

Smoking Tobacco 170

Who Smokes, and How Much? 171

Why People Smoke 172

Highlight: Do Curiosity and Susceptibility ‘‘Kill the Cat’’? 173

Smoking and Health 175

Highlight: Does Someone Else’s Smoking Affect Your Health? 177

Alcohol Use and Abuse 178

Who Drinks, and How Much? 179

Assess Yourself: What’s True about Drinking? 179

Why People Use and Abuse Alcohol 181

Assess Yourself: Do You Abuse Alcohol? 182

Drinking and Health 183

Highlight: Drinking—Games People Play 183

Drug Use and Abuse 184

Highlight: Types and Effects of Drugs 185

Who Uses Drugs, and Why? 185

Drug Use and Health 187

Reducing Substance Use and Abuse 187

Preventing Substance Use 187

Quitting a Substance without Therapy 189

Treatment Methods to Stop Substance Use and Abuse 192

Highlight: Where Should Treatment Occur, and What Should Be the Goals and Criteria for Success? 193

Clinical Methods and Issues: Behavioral Methods for Treating Substance Abuse 195

Dealing with the Relapse Problem 196

Chapter 8 Nutrition, Weight Control and Diet, Exercise, and Safety 200

Nutrition 201

Components of Food 201

What People Eat 202

Nutrition and Health 204

Weight Control and Diet 207

Desirable and Undesirable Weights 207

Becoming Overly Fat 209

Highlight: Do ‘‘Fat-Bugs’’ Lead to Overweight? 211

Dieting and Treatments to Lose Weight 214

Highlight: Which ‘‘Carbs’’ to Avoid 215

Clinical Methods and Issues: Problem-Solving Training to Control Weight 217

Anorexia and Bulimia 219

Assess Yourself: Your Weight Control Patterns 220

Exercise 222

The Health Effects of Physical Activity 222

Highlight: Types and Amounts of Healthful Exercise 223

Who Gets Enough Exercise, Who Does Not—and Why? 225

Reasons for Not Exercising 225

Promoting Exercise Behavior 226

Safety 228

Accidents 228

Environmental Hazards 229

Part IV Becoming Ill and Getting Medical Treatment 232

Chapter 9 Using Health Services 232

Types of Health Services 233

Specialized Functions of Practitioners 233

Office-Based and Inpatient Treatment 233

The American Health Care System 234

Health Care Systems in Other Countries 235

Perceiving and Interpreting Symptoms 236

Perceiving Symptoms 236

Highlight: Symptoms by Suggestion? 238

Interpreting and Responding to Symptoms 238

Using and Misusing Health Services 240

Who Uses Health Services? 240

Why People Use, Don’t Use, and Delay Using Health Services 241

Using Complementary and Alternative Medicine 244

Highlight: A New Meaning for ‘‘Diehard’’ Sports Fan 244

Problematic Health Service Usage 245

The Patient–Practitioner Relationship 246

Patient Preferences for Participation in Medical Care 246

The Practitioner’s Behavior and Style 247

Highlight: Fighting for Your Life 247

The Patient’s Behavior and Style 249

Assess Yourself: Do You Know the Meanings of Medical Terms? 249

Compliance: Adhering to Medical Advice 250

Extent of the Nonadherence Problem 251

Why Patients Do and Do Not Adhere to Medical Advice 252

Patient–Practitioner Interactions 254

Increasing Patient Adherence 255

Clinical Methods and Issues: Simple Methods to Promote Adherence 257

Focusing on Prevention 258

Chapter 10 In the Hospital: The Setting, Procedures, and Effects on Patients 260

The Hospital—Its History, Setting, and Procedures 261

How the Hospital Evolved 261

The Organization and Functioning of Hospitals 262

Assess Yourself: Who’s Who in Physician Care 263

Roles, Goals, and Communication 263

The Impact of the ‘‘Bottom Line’’ 264

Being Hospitalized 265

Relations with the Hospital Staff 266

Sick-Role Behavior in the Hospital 267

Emotional Adjustment in the Hospital 268

Coping Processes in Hospital Patients 269

Preparing Patients for Stressful Medical Procedures 270

Highlight: Lamaze Training as a Method of Psychological Preparation for a Medical

Procedure 273

When the Hospitalized Patient is a Child 274

Clinical Methods and Issues: Preparing Children for Impending Hospitalization 276

How Health Psychologists Assist Hospitalized Patients 277

Initial Steps in Helping 278

Tests for Psychological Assessment of Medical Patients 278

Promoting Patients’ Health and Adjustment 279

When the Illness is Terminal 280

The Patient’s Age 280

Psychosocial Adjustments to Terminal Illness 281

Assess Yourself: Your Living Will Choices 283

Medical and Psychological Care of Dying Patients 284

A Place to Die—Hospital, Home, or Hospice? 284

Clinical Methods and Issues: Saying Good-bye 285

Part V Physical Symptoms: Pain and Discomfort 288

Chapter 11 The Nature and Symptoms of Pain 288

What is Pain? 289

The Qualities and Dimensions of Pain 289

Perceiving Pain 291

Highlight: Acute Pain in Burn Patients 292

Theories of Pain 295

Early Theories of Pain 295

Highlight: Inducing Pain in Laboratory Research 295

The Gate-Control Theory of Pain 297

Biopsychosocial Aspects of Pain 298

Neurochemical Transmission and Inhibition of Pain 299

Personal and Social Experiences and Pain 300

Highlight: Placebos and Pain 301

Emotions, Coping Processes, and Pain 303

Clinical Methods and Issues: Assessing Difficulty Coping with Pain 304

Assessing People’s Pain 305

Self-Report Methods 305

Assess Yourself: Describing Your Pain 308

Behavioral Assessment Approaches 309

Psychophysiological Measures 310

Pain in Children 310

Pain and Children’s Sensory and Cognitive Development 311

Assessing Pain in Children 311

Chapter 12 Managing and Controlling Clinical Pain 314

Clinical Pain 315

Acute Clinical Pain 315

Chronic Clinical Pain 315

Medical Treatments for Pain 316

Surgical Methods for Treating Pain 317

Chemical Methods for Treating Pain 317

Highlight: Types of Pain-Relieving Chemicals 318

Behavioral and Cognitive Methods for Treating Pain 320

The Operant Approach 320

Fear Reduction, Relaxation, and Biofeedback 321

Cognitive Methods 324

Clinical Methods and Issues: Guiding a Client to Pain Redefinition 326

Hypnosis and Interpersonal Therapy 327

Assess Yourself: Would Behavioral or Cognitive Methods Help Your Pain? 328

Hypnosis as a Treatment for Pain 328

Interpersonal Therapy for Pain 329

Stimulation and Physical Therapies for Pain 330

Stimulation Therapies 330

Physical Therapy 331

Pain Clinics 332

Multidisciplinary Programs 332

Highlight: Physical Activity and Back Pain 333

Evaluating the Success of Pain Clinics 334

Part VI Chronic and Life-Threatening Health Problems 336

Chapter 13 Serious and Disabling Chronic Illnesses:

Causes, Management, and Coping 336

Adjusting to a Chronic Illness 337

Initial Reactions to Having a Chronic Condition 337

Influences on Coping with a Health Crisis 337

The Coping Process 340

Impacts of Different Chronic Conditions 341

Asthma 342

Epilepsy 344

Highlight: What to Do for a Seizure 344

Nervous System Injuries 345

Diabetes 348

Assess Yourself: Do You Have Diabetes? 349

Highlight: Self-Managing Diabetes 351

Arthritis 353

Alzheimer’s Disease 356

Psychosocial Interventions for People with Chronic Conditions 358

Educational, Social Support, and Behavioral Methods 359

Relaxation and Biofeedback 360

Clinical Methods and Issues: Treating Asthma with Biofeedback and Relaxation 361

Cognitive Methods 361

Interpersonal and Family Therapy 362

Collaborative or Integrated Care Approaches 362

Chapter 14 Heart Disease, Stroke, Cancer, and AIDS: Causes, Management, and Coping 365

Coping with and Adapting to High-Mortality Illness 366

Adapting While the Prospects Seem Good 366

Adapting in a Recurrence or Relapse 367

Heart Disease 368

Who is at Risk of Heart Disease, and Why? 368

Highlight: Anatomy of a Heart Attack 369

Assess Yourself: Are You at Risk for Heart Disease? 370

Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients 371

The Psychosocial Impact of Heart Disease 372

Psychosocial Interventions for Heart Disease 374

Stroke 375

Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke 375

Psychosocial Aspects of Stroke 377

Clinical Methods and Issues: Stroke Rehabilitation for Visual Neglect 377

Cancer 378

The Prevalence and Types of Cancer 378

The Sites, Effects, and Causes of Cancer 379

Diagnosing and Treating Cancer 380

The Psychosocial Impact of Cancer 383

Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer 385

Childhood Cancer 386

Highlight: Can Psychosocial Interventions Improve Cancer Survival? 386

AIDS 387

Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of AIDS 387

The Psychosocial Impact of AIDS 388

Psychosocial Interventions for AIDS 390

The Survivors: And Life Goes On 391

Physical and Psychosocial Impact 391

Psychosocial Interventions for Bereavement 392

Reaching a Positive Adaptation 392

Part VII Looking to the Future 394

Chapter 15 What’s Ahead for Health Psychology? 394

Goals for Health Psychology 395

Enhancing Illness Prevention and Treatment 395

Improving Efforts for Helping Patients Cope 396

Identifying Evidence-Based Interventions and Cost–Benefit Ratios 396

Expanding Psychologists’ Roles in Medical Settings 397

Careers and Training in Health Psychology 398

Clinical Methods and Issues: Psychologists in the Primary Care Team 399

Career Opportunities 399

Training Programs 399

Issues and Controversies for the Future 400

Environment, Health, and Psychology 400

Quality of Life 400

Ethical Decisions in Medical Care 401

Future Focuses in Health Psychology 402

Life-Span Health and Illness 402

Assess Yourself: Some Ethical Dilemmas: What Do You Think? 403

Sociocultural Factors in Health 404

Gender Differences and Women’s Health Issues 405

Factors Affecting Health Psychology’s Future 405

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Tags: Edward P Sarafino, Timothy W Smith, Health Psychology, Biopsychosocial