HCCI and CAI Engines for the Automotive Industry 1st Edition by Hua Zhao ISBN 1420044591 978-1420044591
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ISBN 10: 1420044591
ISBN 13: 978-1420044591
Author: Hua Zhao
HCCI/CAI has emerged as one of the most promising engine technologies with the potential to combine fuel efficiency and improved emissions performance. Despite the considerable advantages, its operational range is rather limited and controlling the combustion (timing of ignition and rate of energy release) is still an area of on-going research. However, commercial applications are close to reality. This book reviews the key international research on optimising its use, including gasoline HCCI/CAI engines; diesel HCCI engines; HCCI/CAI engines with alternative fuels; and advanced modelling and experimental techniques.
Table of contents:
Part I Overview
1 Motivation, definition and history of HCCI/CAI engines
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Current automotive engines and technologies
1.3 Historical background of HCCI/CAI type combustion engines
1.4 Principle of HCCI/CAI combustion engines
1.5 Definition of HCCI and CAI combustion engines
1.6 Summary
1.7 References
Part II Gasoline HCCI/CAI combustion engines
2 Overview of CAI/HCCI gasoline engines
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of CAI/HCCI gasoline engines
2.3 Effects of use of exhaust gases as diluents
2.4 Approaches to CAI/HCCI operation in gasoline engines
2.5 Summary
2.6 References
3 Two-stroke CAI engines
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Principles of the two-stroke CAI combustion
3.3 How to control the two-stroke CAI combustion
3.4 The potential application of the two-stroke CAI combustion
3.5 Future trends
3.6 Sources of further information and advice
3.7 References
4 Four-stroke gasoline HCCI engines with thermal management
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The optimized kinetic process (OKP) HCCI engine
4.3 Strengths and weakness
4.4 Future trends
4.5 Sources of further information and advice
4.6 References
5 Four-stroke CAI engines with residual gas trapping
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Principle of CAI operation with residual gas trapping
5.3 CAI operation in a four-stroke port fuel injection (PFI) gasoline engine
5.4 Effect of direct injection on CAI combustion in the four-stroke gasoline engine
5.5 Effect of spark ignition on CAI combustion in the four-stroke gasoline engine
5.6 Summary
5.7 References
6 Four-stroke CAI engines with internal exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Principle of CAI with internal EGR
6.3 Engine concepts and layout
6.4 Thermodynamic results and analysis of CAI with internal EGR
6.5 Transient operation with CAI and internal EGR
6.6 Future trends
6.7 Sources of further information and advice
6.8 References
7 HCCI control
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Control means
7.3 Combustion timing sensors
7.4 Methods
7.5 Summary and future trends
7.6 References
8 CAI control and CAI/SI switching
8.1 Introduction about requirements for the control of CAI engine
8.2 Problems in controlling the CAI engine
8.3 Transition between operating modes (CAI-SI-CAI)
8.4 The ‘mixed mode’ CAI-SI engine in operation: presentation and discussion of the experimental
8.5 Summary
8.6 References
9 Fuel effects in CAI gasoline engines
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Practical transport fuels
9.3 Auto-ignition quality of fuels
9.4 The octane index and the K value
9.5 The auto-ignition requirement of an HCCI engine and fuel effects in combustion phasing
9.6 Combustion limits
9.7 IMEP and indicated efficiency
9.8 Other approaches to characterising fuel performance in HCCI engines
9.9 Fuel requirements of HCCI engines
9.10 Summary
9.11 References
9.12 List of notations
Appendix HCCI predictor
Part III Diesel HCCI combustion engines
10 Overview of HCCI diesel engines
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Conventional diesel combustion
10.3 Fundamentals of HCCI combustion
10.4 Overview of diesel HCCI engines
10.5 Summary
10.6 References
11 HCCI combustion with early and multiple injections in the heavy-duty diesel engine
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Experimental apparatus
11.3 Early injection HCCI (PREDIC) by low cetane fuel
11.4 Multiple injections HCCI by low cetane fuel (two-stage combustion, MULDIC)
11.5 HCCI for normal cetane fuel
11.6 Summary
11.7 Acknowledgements
11.8 References
11.9 Nomenclature
12 Narrow angle direct injection (NADI™) concept for HCCI diesel combustion
12.1 Introduction
12.2 The NADI™ concept overview
12.3 First results and limitations
12.4 Development of the concept
12.5 Evaluation of the concept in a multi-cylinder engine
12.6 Future trends
12.7 References
13 Low-temperature and premixed combustion concept with late injection
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic concept of low-temperature and premixed combustion
13.3 Characteristics of combustion and exhaust emissions with modulated kinetics (MK) combustion
13.4 Second generation of MK combustion
13.5 Emission performance improvement of second generation of MK combustion
13.6 Future trends
13.7 References
14 HCCI fuel requirements
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Background
14.3 Diesel fuel HCCI
14.4 HCCI fuel ignition quality
14.5 Gasoline HCCI
14.6 HCCI fuel specification
14.7 Fundamental fuel factors
14.8 Future trends
14.9 References
Part IV HCCI/CAI combustion engines with alternative fuels
15 Natural gas HCCI engines
15.1 CNG HCCI engine experiment and calculation conditions
15.2 CNG composition
15.3 Influence of equivalence ratio
15.4 Auto-ignition timing and combustion duration
15.5 Auto-ignition temperature and auto-ignition pressure
15.6 Exhaust emission, maximum cycle temperature and combustion efficiency
15.7 Influence of n-butane on auto-ignition and combustion in methane/n-butane/air mixtures
15.8 Summary of naturally aspirated natural gas HCCI engine
15.9 Supercharged natural gas HCCI engine set-up and experiments
15.10 Performance and exhaust gas characteristics at a compression ratio of 17
15.11 Performance and emission characteristics at a compression ratio of 21
15.12 Potential of natural gas turbocharged HCCI engines
15.13 Summary
15.14 References
16 HCCI engines with other fuels
16.1 Characterization of DME
16.2 DME HCCI engine
16.3 DME chemical reaction model
16.4 Combustion completeness in the DME HCCI engine
16.5 Combustion control system for a small DME HCCI engine
16.6 Method of combining DME and other fuels
16.7 Reducing pressure rise rate by introducing ‘unmixed-ness’ of DME/air mixture
16.8 Summary
16.9 References
Part V Advanced modelling and experimental techniques
17 Auto-ignition and chemical kinetic mechanisms of HCCI combustion
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Kinetics of auto-ignition
17.3 Reaction types
17.4 Temperature regimes of auto-ignition
17.5 Illustrations of auto-ignition in the rapid compression machine
17.6 Kinetic models for HCCI ignition
17.7 Summary
17.8 References
18 Overview of modeling techniques and their application to HCCI/CAI engines
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Fundamentals of HCCI ignition and combustion
18.3 The chemistry of HCCI
18.4 Prediction of ignition in HCCI engines
18.5 Detailed calculation of HCCI combustion and emissions
18.6 Prediction of operating range
18.7 Summary and future trends
18.8 References
19 Overview of advanced optical techniques and their applications to HCCI/CAI engines
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Diagnostic approaches
19.3 Spectroscopic environment
19.4 Chemiluminescence imaging
19.5 Laser induced fluorescence
19.6 Thermographic phosphors
19.7 Future trends
19.8 References
Part VI Future directions for CAI/HCCI engines
20 Outlook and future directions in HCCI/CAI engines
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Tags: Hua Zhao, HCCI and CAI, Engines for the Automotive