Handbook of Prebiotics and Probiotics Ingredients 1st Edition by Susan Sungsoo Cho, Terry Finocchiaro ISBN 1420062131 9781420062137

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ISBN 10: 1420062131 
ISBN 13: 9781420062137
Author: Susan Sungsoo Cho, Terry Finocchiaro

 Handbook of Prebiotics and Probiotics Ingredients 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Analysis of Dietary Fiber and Nondigestible Carbohydrates
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Analytical Procedures for Total Dietary Fiber
1.2.1 Enzymatic–Gravimetric Methods
1.2.2 Enzymatic–Chemical Method
1.3 Analytical Procedures for Nondigestible Carbohydrates
1.3.1 Ion Chromatographic Method
1.3.1.1 For Fructans and Fructo Oligosaccharides
1.3.1.2 For Polydextrose
1.3.1.3 For trans-Galacto-Oligosaccharides
1.3.2 High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Method
1.3.2.1 For Resistant Maltodextrins
1.3.2.2 For Lactulose
1.3.3 Spectrophotometric Method
1.3.3.1 For Total Fructan
1.3.4 Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry.
1.3.4.1 For Fructo-Oligosaccharides
1.4 Needs
1.4.1 Reliable Methods for Determining Lignin as a Component of Dietary Fiber
1.4.2 Methods to Determine Resistant Starch, Naturally Occurring and Added
1.4.3 Integrated Methods to Determine Alcohol-Soluble and Alcohol- Insoluble Nondigestible Carbohydrates
1.4.4 Methods to Distinguish Naturally Occurring from Added Nondigestible Carbohydrates
References
Part I Sources of Prebiotics
Chapter 2 Short-Chain Fructo-Oligosaccharide: A Low Molecular Weight Fructan
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 What Is scFOS?
2.1.2 Sources of scFOS
2.1.3 Recognition of scFOS as a Fiber
2.1.4 Manufacturing Process for scFOS
2.2 Physiological Effects of scFOS
2.2.1 Digestibility of scFOS
2.2.2 Bacterial Utilization of scFOS
2.2.2.1 Escherichia coli
2.2.2.2 Salmonella typhimurium
2.2.2.3 Clostridium difficile
2.2.2.4 Other
2.2.3 Clinical Prebiotic Evidence for scFOS
2.2.4 Consequences for Health
2.2.4.1 Diarrhea
2.2.4.2 Constipation
2.2.4.3 Inflammation
2.2.4.4 Immune Response
2.2.4.5 Mineral Absorption
2.3 Commercial Food Application of scFOS
2.4 Comparative Effects of scFOS and Other Fructans
2.4.1 Biological Outcomes
2.4.2 Food Application Outcomes
2.5 Additional Sources of Information
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 3 Inulin and Oligosaccharides: A Special Focus on Human Studies
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics and Physiological Effects of Fructans
3.2.1 Effects of Fructans on Intestinal Microflora Composition
3.2.1.1 Bifidogenic Effect
3.2.1.2 Effect on Other Intestinal Bacteria
3.2.1.3 Limits
3.2.2 Effects of Fructans on Intestinal Functions
3.2.2.1 Stool Weight
3.2.2.2 Fermentation and Production of Short-Chain Fatty Acids
3.2.2.3 Epithelial Cell Growth and Differentiation
3.2.2.4 Immunity
3.2.3 The Barrier Effect
3.3 Effects of Fructans on Gastrointestinal Disease
3.3.1 Infectious Diarrhea
3.3.2 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
3.3.3 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3.3.4 Colonic Tumors
3.4 Effects of Fructans on Metabolism of Minerals and Vitamins
3.4.1 Fructans and Calcium Absorption
3.4.2 Fructans and Absorption of Magnesium, Copper, Selenium, and Zinc
3.4.3 Fructans and Isoflavone Metabolism
3.4.4 Fructans and Vitamin Production
3.4.5 Fructans and Absorptive-Productive Functions
3.4.6 Metabolic Parameters and Satiety
3.5 Digestive Tolerance of Fructans
3.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4 Galacto-Oligosaccharides
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Manufacturing
4.3 Composition
4.4 Applications
4.5 Physiological Effects
4.5.1 Digestibility
4.5.2 Gut Health and Well-Being
4.5.2.1 Bifidogenic Activity
4.5.2.2 Inhibition of Pathogens
4.5.2.3 Gastrointestinal Diseases
4.5.2.4 Retardation of the Development of Colon Cancer
4.5.2.5 Stimulation of the Absorption of Minerals
4.5.2.6 Alleviation of Constipation
4.5.3 Immune Modulation
4.5.3.1 Immune Activity
4.5.3.2 Allergy
4.5.3.3 Infections
4.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 5 Functional Disaccharides: Lactulose, Lactitol, and Lactose
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Lactulose
5.2.1 Physiological and Prebiotic Effects of Lactulose
5.2.2 Medical Uses of Lactulose
5.2.3 Safety Issues with Lactulose
5.3 Lactitol
5.3.1 Physiological and Bacteriological Effects
5.3.2 Medical and Theoretical Uses of Lactitol
5.3.3 Safety Issues
5.4 Lactose
5.4.1 Physiological and Bacteriological Effects
5.4.2 Potential Medical Uses of Lactose
5.4.3 Safety Issues
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Natural Resistant Starches as Prebiotics and Synbiotics
6.1 Introduction
6.2 RS as Prebiotics
6.3 RS and Bifidobacterium
6.4 RS as Prebiotic and Synbiotic
6.5 Colonic Cell Health
6.6 Immune Function Treatment of Acute Diarrhea
6.7 Interaction with Other Nutrients
6.8 RS Intake in the United States
6.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7 AGE, ALE, RAGE, and Disease: A Food Perspective
7.1 Maillard Products Improve Palatability, But
7.2 Heating, Reduction of Antioxidants, and Accumulation of Maillard Products
7.3 Introduction of Molecular Biology Changed the View of AGEs/ALEs
7.4 RAGE: A Receptor and Master Switch—A Key Actor in Inflammation
7.5 Many Players in the Inflammation Orchestra
7.6 Dramatic Alterations in Food Habits
7.7 Animal Feeds Have Changed in Parallel with Human Food Changes
7.8 Diseases Associated with High Tissue Levels of AGEs/ALEs
7.9 Foods Rich in AGEs/ALEs
7.10 Prevention and Treatment of AGE/ALE Accumulation
7.11 Intestinal Flora and Probiotics of Great Importance
7.12 Future Aspects
References
Part II Sources of Probiotics
Chapter 8 Lactic Acid Bacteria and Plant Fibers: Treatment in Acute and Chronic Human Disease
8.1 Western Food—The Threat to Human Health
8.2 Deranged and Dysfunctional Immune System
8.3 Plant Fibers Reduce Systemic Inflammation
8.4 Dietary Fibers—Function and Definition
8.5 Documented Health Benefits of Increased Fiber Consumption
8.6 Fibers Commonly Used in Clinical Nutrition
8.6.1 Algal Fibers
8.6.2 Fructans
8.6.3 Glycomannans
8.6.4 Oat Gum
8.6.5 Pectin
8.7 Lactic Acid Bacteria Important for Fermentation of Fibers
8.8 Clinical Experience with Supplemented Plant Fibers
8.8.1 Plant Fiber in Constipation
8.8.2 Plant Fiber to Prevent and Treat Diarrhea
8.8.3 Plant Fiber to Support Mineral Absorption
8.8.4 Plant Fiber to Control Weight
8.8.5 Plant Fiber in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
8.8.6 Plant Fiber in Irritable Bowel Disease
8.8.7 Plant Fiber to Control Infections
8.9 Plant Fibers Rich in Antioxidants
8.10 Diversity in Microbiota for Barrier Function
8.10.1 Synbiotics in Acute Pancreatitis
8.10.2 Synbiotics in Polytrauma
8.10.3 Synbiotics in Abdominal Surgery
8.10.4 Synbiotics in Chronic Liver Disease and Liver Transplantation
8.10.5 Synbiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
8.10.6 Synbiotics in Short Bowel Syndrome
8.10.7 Synbiotics in Irritable Bowel Syndrome
8.10.8 Synbiotics in Helicobacter pylori Infections
8.10.9 Synbiotics in Allergy
8.10.10 Synbiotics in Prevention of Cancer
8.11 Treatment-Resistant Conditions
8.11.1 Crohn’s Disease
8.11.2 General Intensive Care Patients
8.12 Choice of Lactic Acid Bacteria as Probiotics
8.13 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 Probiotics: Recent Human Studies Using Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Definition of Probiotics
9.1.2 Lactobacillus
9.1.3 Lactobacillus casei
9.1.4 Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota
9.1.5 Focus Point in This Chapter
9.2 Modification of Intestinal Function
9.2.1 Lactobacillus casei Shirota Reaches the Intestines Alive and Modifies the Composition of Intestinal Flora in Humans
9.2.2 Suppression of the Intestinal Production and Accumulation of Putrefactive Substances
9.2.3 Improvement of Bowel Movement
9.3 Immunomodulatory Effects
9.3.1 Normalization of Natural Killer Cell Activity
9.3.2 Possibilities That L. casei Shirota Protects against Allergic Rhinitis
9.4 Antitumor Effects
9.4.1 Preventive Effect on the Recurrence of Bladder Cancer
9.4.2 Preventive Effect on Colorectal Cancer
9.5 Clinical Applications
9.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part III Physiological Functions of Prebiotics and Probiotics
Chapter 10 Prebiotics and Lipid Metabolism
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cholesterol Metabolism
10.3 Bile Acid Metabolism
10.4 Probiotics and Lipid Metabolism
10.5 Prebiotics and Lipid Metabolism
10.5.1 Experimental (Animal) Studies
10.5.2 Human Studies
10.6 Mechanism by Which Prebiotics Exert Their Effect on Lipid Metabolism
10.6.1 Effects on Hepatic Cholesterol Synthesis
10.6.2 Fermentation Products as Mediators of the Systemic Effects
10.6.3 Increase in Cholesterol Excretion
10.6.4 Effect on Bacterial Flora
10.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Fermentation of Prebiotics and Short-Chain Fatty Acid Production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Prebiotics and Fermentation
11.3 SCFA Production and Health
11.4 Acetate
11.5 Propionate
11.6 Butyrate
11.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Probiotics and Prebiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
12.1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease
12.2 Probiotics
12.2.1 Probiotics in IBD
12.2.1.1 In Vitro Models
12.2.1.2 Animal Models of IBD
12.2.1.3 Human Studies/Clinical Trials
12.2.1.4 Summary of Probiotics in IBD
12.3 Prebiotics
12.3.1 Prebiotics in IBD
12.3.1.1 Prebiotics in Animal Models of IBD
12.3.1.2 Prebiotics in Human Trials
12.4 Synbiotics
12.5 Future Directions
12.5.1 Inactivated Bacteria
12.5.1.1 In Vitro Studies of Inactivated Bacteria
12.5.1.2 In Vivo Studies of Inactivated Bacteria
12.5.2 Probiotic Supernatants
12.5.3 Efficacy of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
References
Chapter 13 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Pediatric Diarrheal Disorders
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Definitions
13.3 Colonization
13.4 Mechanisms of Action
13.5 Clinical Studies
13.5.1 Prebiotics
13.5.2 Probiotics
13.6 Safety
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Anticarcinogenic Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Carcinogenesis Process in Colorectal Cancer
14.3 Anticarcinogenic Potential of Probiotics and Prebiotics
14.3.1 Changes in Colon pH
14.3.2 Altering Xenobiotic Metabolism in Gut System
14.3.3 Modulation of Immune Response
14.3.3.1 Reduction of Intestinal Inflammation
14.3.4 Antioxidant Properties
14.3.5 Desmutagenicity
14.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 15 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Infant Formulae
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Influence of Breastfeeding on Postnatal Development of Intestinal Microbiota
15.2.1 Postnatal Development of Intestinal Microbiota
15.2.2 Oligosaccharides as the Main Prebiotic Factor in Human Milk
15.2.3 Other Functions of HMOS
15.2.4 Human Milk and Breastfeeding as the Source of Bacteria
15.3 Prebiotics
15.3.1 Definition of Prebiotics
15.3.2 Characterization of Prebiotics
15.3.3 Physiological Effects of Prebiotics
15.3.3.1 Influence on the Intestinal Microbiota
15.3.3.2 Influence on Postnatal Development of the Immune System
15.3.3.3 Influence on Gut Health
15.3.4 Safety in Infants
15.3.5 Current Recommendations for Starter and Follow-On Formula
15.4 Probiotics in Infant Formulae
15.4.1 Definition
15.4.2 Characterization of Probiotics
15.4.3 Physiological Effects of Probiotics
15.4.3.1 Influence on Intestinal Microbiota
15.4.3.2 Influence on Gut Health
15.4.3.3 Influence on Postnatal Development of the Immune System
15.4.4 Safety in Infants
15.4.4.1 Systemic Infections
15.4.4.2 Antibiotic Resistance and Gene Transfer
15.4.4.3 Deleterious Metabolic Activities: D-Lactic Acid
15.4.5 Current Recommendations for Starter and Follow-On Formulae
15.5 Summary and Future Developments
References
Chapter 16 Probiotics and Prebiotics in Elderly Individuals
16.1 Gut Function and Microbiota of Elderly Individuals
16.1.1 Aging and Gastrointestinal Tract Function
16.1.2 Assessment of Microbiota
16.1.3 Aging and Gut Microbiota
16.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics for Elderly Individuals
16.2.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics
16.2.2 Efficacy of Probiotics
16.2.3 Efficacy of Prebiotics
16.2.4 Synbiotics
16.3 Summary and Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 17 Prebiotics and Probiotics in Companion Animal Nutrition
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Previous Review of Prebiotic Oligosaccharide Usage in Companion Animal Nutrition
17.3 Updated Review of Prebiotic Oligosaccharide Usage in Companion Animal Nutrition
17.4 Evaluation of Probiotics in Dogs and Cats
17.5 Evaluation of Synbiotics in Dogs and Cats
17.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Probiotics: Potential Pharmaceutical Applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Mechanism of Probiotic Action
18.3 Salvage of Various Disorders through Probiotic Therapy
18.3.1 Intestinal Disorders
18.3.1.1 Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea (AAD)
18.3.1.2 Radiotherapy-Induced Diarrhea
18.3.1.3 Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea
18.3.1.4 Traveler’s Diarrhea
18.3.1.5 Infantile Diarrhea
18.3.1.6 HIV /AIDS-Associated Diarrhea
18.3.1.7 Enteral Feeding-Associated Diarrhea
18.3.1.8 Persistent or Chronic Diarrhea
18.3.1.9 Sucrase Isomaltase Deficiency
18.3.1.10 Lactase Deficiency
18.3.1.11 Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
18.3.1.12 Helicobacter pylori Infection
18.3.2 Nonintestinal Disorders
18.3.2.1 Allergy
18.3.2.2 Immunity
18.3.2.3 Urinary Tract Infections (UTI)
18.3.2.4 Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
18.3.2.5 Carcinogenesis
18.3.2.6 Hypercholesterolemia
18.3.2.7 Dental Caries
18.3.2.8 Respiratory Tract Infection
18.3.2.9 Hypertension
18.3.2.10 Kidney Stones
18.3.2.11 Surgical Wound Infections
18.3.2.12 Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
18.4 Prebiotics
18.4.1 Osteoporosis
18.4.2 Obesity and Diabetes
18.5 Probiotics as Vaccine Carriers
18.6 Formulation of Probiotics
18.7 Hurdles and Road Ahead: The Future of Probiotics
18.8 Conclusions

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