Glenn s Urologic Surgery 8th Edition by Thomas E Keane, Sam D Graham ISBN 9781451191462 1496320778

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ISBN 10: 1496320778
ISBN 13: 9781451191462
Author: Thomas E Keane, Sam D Graham

Glenn s Urologic Surgery 8th Edition Table of contents:

Section I: Adrenal, Renal, Ureter, Pelvis

Chapter 1: Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands, Kidney, Ureter, and Pelvis

Adrenal

Embryology

Vascular Anatomy

Contiguous Structures

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Kidney

Vascular Anatomy

Lymphatic Anatomy

Nervous Innervation

Contiguous Structures (Fig. 1.10)

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

Figure 1.9

Figure 1.10

References

Chapter 2: Open Partial Nephrectomy

Chapter 2 Introduction

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapies

Preoperative Planning and Patient Preparation

Surgical Technique

Supra-11th Rib Mini-flank Surgical Incision

Tactics for Tumor Resection during Partial Nephrectomy

Reconstruction

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Complex Applications of Partial Nephrectomy

Results

Complications of Open Partial Nephrectomy

Follow-up after Partial Nephrectomy

Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Radical Nephrectomy

Chapter 3 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Flank Incision

Thoracoabdominal Incision

Transabdominal (Chevron or Anterior Subcostal) Incision

Radical Nephrectomy

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Outcomes

Complications

Results

References

Chapter 4: Intracaval Tumors

Chapter 4 Introduction

Staging

Figure 4.1

Diagnosis

Figure 4.2

Preoperative Angioembolization

Surgical Approach

Infrahepatic Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus

Retrohepatic Inferior Vena Cava Thrombus

Supradiaphragmatic and Atrial Thrombus

Traditional Median Sternotomy

Minimal Access

Venovenous Bypass

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Neoadjuvant Targeted Therapy

Figure 4.9

Complications

Outcomes

References

Chapter 5: Donor Nephrectomy: Laparoscopic Techniques

Chapter 5 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Table 5.1: Medical Contraindications to Kidney Donation

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Preparation

Positioning

Left-Sided Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy

Insufflation and Initial Trocar Placement

Reflection of Colon and Retroperitoneal Exposure

Gonadal Vein, Ureter, and Posterior Dissection

Upper Pole Dissection and Release of the Adrenal Gland

Pfannenstiel Extraction Site, Ligation of Lumbar Veins, and Hilar Dissection

Stapling the Hilum and Extraction of the Donor Kidney

Closure

Routine Postoperative Care

Right-Sided Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Outcomes

Results

Complications

Table 5.2: Comparison of Laparoscopic versus Open Donor Nephrectomy Outcomes

Table 5.3: Complications by Modified Clavien Classification and Incidence for Laparoscopic Donor Nephrectomy (n = 1,325)

References

Chapter 6: Laparoscopic/Robotic Nephrectomy and Partial Nephrectomy

Chapter 6 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Patient Preparation

Patient Positioning

Figure 6.1

Surgical Technique

Transperitoneal Radical or Total Nephrectomy

Access

Reflection of the Colon

Gonadal Vein Dissection

Dissection of Ureter and Tail of the Gerota Fascia

Securing the Renal Blood Vessels

Upper Pole Isolation

Organ Entrapment

Retroperitoneal Nephrectomy

Access

Procedure

Transperitoneal Partial Nephrectomy

Transperitoneal Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Retroperitoneoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Retroperitoneal Robotic Partial NephrectomyPostoperative Care

Outcomes

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

Complications

Laparoscopic Nephrectomy

Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy

Robotic Partial Nephrectomy

References

Chapter 7: Minimally Invasive Nephroureterectomy

Epidemiology

Risk Factors

Diagnosis

Alternative Therapy

Indications for Surgery

Surgical Technique

Patient Preparation

Patient Positioning

Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Nephroureterectomy

Conventional Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy

Hand-Assisted Nephroureterectomy

Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Nephroureterectomy

Approaches to the Distal Ureter

LymphadenectomyPerioperative Care and Surveillance

Outcomes

Perioperative Outcomes

Oncologic Outcomes

Summary

References

Chapter 8: Laparoscopic Renal Procedures: Renal Cystectomy, Biopsy, and Nephropexy

Introduction

Laparoscopic Management of Renal Cystic Disease

Diagnosis

Bosniak Classification

Malignancy Risk by Bosniak Class

Table 8.1: Bosniak Renal Cyst Classification

Figure 8.1

Simple Cysts

Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease

Surgical Technique

Retroperitoneal Approach

Transperitoneal Approach

Complications

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Cystic Renal Masses/Indeterminant Cysts

Table 8.2: Potential Preventive Measures of Port-Site Metastases

Renal Biopsy

Percutaneous Biopsy

Laparoscopic Biopsy

Surgical Technique

Figure 8.4

Laparoscopic Nephropexy

Diagnosis

Surgical Technique

Figure 8.5

Outcomes

References

Chapter 9: Laparoscopic Ablation of Small Renal Masses

Chapter 9 Introduction

Indications for Laparoscopic Approach

Mechanisms of Action of Ablative Therapies

Cryotherapy

Radiofrequency Ablation

Surgical Technique and Postoperative Care

Perioperative Preparation and Considerations

Positioning, Port Placement, and Operative Technique for Exposure of the Tumor

Laparoscopic Radiofrequency Ablation

Laparoscopic Cryoablation

Postoperative Care

Figure 9.1

Table 9.1: Determining Length of Cycle for Radiofrequency Ablation

Figure 9.2

Complications

Complications of Cryotherapy

Complications of Radiofrequency Ablation

Table 9.2: Complications of Cryoablation and Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA)

Oncologic Outcomes

Outcomes after Cryoablation

Outcomes after Radiofrequency Ablation

References

Chapter 10: Laparoscopic and Robotically Assisted Pyeloplasty in Adults

Chapter 10 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications and Contraindications

Alternative Therapies

Preoperative Preparation

Instrumentation for Nonrobotic Laparoscopy

Surgical Steps

Cystoscopy, Retrograde Ureterography, and Ureteral Stent Placement

Position for Laparoscopy

Laparoscopic Entry and Port Placement

Exposure of Operative Field

Dissection of Ureteropelvic Junction

Decide on Type of Repair

Anderson-Hynes Dismembered Pyeloplasty

Y-V Plasty

Laparoscopic Pyelolithotomy

Drain Placement and Exit

Surgical Alternatives

Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Surgery, Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery, and Mini-Laparoscopy

Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopy

Figure 10.8

Postoperative Care

Intraoperative Complications

Postoperative Complications

Published Literature

Summary

References

Chapter 11: Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Chapter 11 Introduction

Indications

Table 11.1: Indications for Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Table 11.2: Contraindications to Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Diagnosis

Table 11.3: Diagnosis of Adrenal Lesions

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Techniques

Preoperative Considerations

Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Transperitoneal Left Adrenalectomy

Transperitoneal Right Adrenalectomy

Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy

Retroperitoneoscopic Left Adrenalectomy

Retroperitoneoscopic Right Adrenalectomy

Robotic AdrenalectomyOutcomes

Complications

References

Chapter 12: Renal Trauma

Chapter 12 Introduction

Diagnosis

Imaging

Management

Urinary Stenting/Drainage

Risk Factors for Hemodynamic Instability Intervention

Figure 12.1

Angioembolization

Figure 12.2

Indications for Renal Exploration

Table 12.1: Indications for Renal Exploration

Nephrectomy

Surgical Technique

Renovascular Injuries

Figure 12.11

Postoperative Care

Complications

Summary

References

Chapter 13: Renal Transplantation

Chapter 13 Introduction

Patient Preparation

Coordination with Anesthesiology

Table 13.1: Example of Protocol Sheet for Anesthesiology Team

Surgical Technique in Adults

Incision and Iliac Fossa Dissection

Kidney Graft Position and Vascular Anastomoses

Urinary Tract Reconstruction

Wound Closure

Less Frequently Used Kidney Transplant Procedures

Orthotopic Kidney Transplantation

En Bloc Kidney Transplantation

Dual Kidney Transplantation

Table 13.2: Useful Things to Have Available for a Kidney Transplant

Surgical Technique in Small Children

Figure 13.16

Figure 13.17

Complications

Table 13.3: Diagnostic and Treatment Options for Management of Surgical Complications

Outcomes

References

Chapter 14: Ureteric Complications Following Kidney Transplantation

Chapter 14 Introduction

Diagnosis

Ureteral Leak/Fistula

Ureteral Obstruction

Ureteral Reflux

Table 14.1: Categories of Ureteric Complications and Etiologies

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

General Considerations

Patient Preparation and Exposure

Ureterovesical Reanastomosis (Redo) Procedure

Ipsilateral Native to Allograft Ureteroureterostomy or Ureteropyelostomy

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Outcomes

Complications

Results

References

Chapter 15: Renal Autotransplantation

Chapter 15 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Technique of Renal Autotransplantation

Surgical Instrumentation

Renal Autotransplantation: Operative Approaches

Technique of Flank Donor Nephrectomy

Donor Nephrectomy via a Midline Intraperitoneal Approach

Back-Table Preparation of the Renal Autograft

Implantation of the Renal Autograft

Exposure of the Iliac Vessels

Renal Autograft Revascularization

Ureteroneocystostomy

Closure of Incision

Complications

References

Chapter 16: Miscellaneous Laparoscopic Urologic Procedures: Lymphoceles, Calculus, Varicocele, Ureterolysis

Chapter 16 Introduction

Lymphocele Repair

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Preoperative Preparation

Patient Positioning

Establishing Peritoneal Access and Trocar Configuration

Identification of the Lymphocele

Excision of the Lymphocele

Placement of Omental Wick

Postoperative Care

Outcomes

Complications

Calculus Disease

Diagnosis

Indications

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Upper Stones

Lower Stones

Postoperative Management

Outcomes

Complications

Figure 16.5

Figure 16.6

Laparoscopic Varicocele Ligation

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Outcomes

Complications

Laparoscopic Ureterolysis

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Ureterolysis

Management of Ureteral Strictures

Postoperative Management

Outcomes

Complications

Acknowledgments

References

Section Ii: Bladder

Chapter 17: Anatomy of the Bladder

General Description

Peritoneal Relationships

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Peritoneal Folds

Ligamentous Attachments

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Histologic Structure

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Ureteral Vesical Junction and Trigone

Figure 17.7

Figure 17.8

Blood Supply

Figure 17.9

Innervation

Sensory Innervation

Motor Innervation

The Micturition Reflex

Pontine Micturition Center

External Urethral Sphincter

An Alternate Micturition Reflex

Figure 17.10

Figure 17.11

The Storage Reflex

Figure 17.12

Anatomy of Sacral Neuromodulation

Lymphatics

Contiguous Structures

References

Chapter 18: Simple and Partial Cystectomy

Simple Cystectomy

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Outcomes

Complications

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Partial Cystectomy

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Extraperitoneal Partial Cystectomy

Intraperitoneal Partial Cystectomy

Outcomes

Complications

Figure 18.5

Figure 18.6

References

Chapter 19: Radical Cystectomy in Men

Chapter 19 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications for Radical Cystectomy in Men

Alternative Therapy

Surgical Technique

Preparation of the Patient

Anesthesia and Instrumentation

Position and Initial Exposure

Lymphadenectomy

Cystoprostatectomy

Variations on a Theme

Extended Lymphadenectomy

One-Stage Cystoprostatourethrectomy

Radical Cystoprostatectomy with Orthotopic Bladder Substitution

Radical Cystoprostatectomy with Nerve Sparing

Prostate-Sparing Radical Cystectomy

Postoperative Management

Outcomes

Complications

Results

References

Chapter 20: Radical Cystectomy in Women

Chapter 20 Introduction

Indications for Surgery

Muscle-Invasive Disease

Non–Muscle-Invasive Disease

Failure of Alternative Therapies

Intractable Local Symptoms

Preoperative Considerations

Age and Medical Comorbidities

Functional Outcomes and Quality of Life Measures

Table 20.1: Indications for Surgical Extent of Radical Cystectomy in Women

Preoperative Care

Surgical Technique

Anatomic Considerations

Female Continence

Female Sexual Function

Anterior Exenteration

Urethrectomy

Vaginal Reconstruction

Reproductive Organ Preservation

Retrograde Dissection and Urethral-Sparing Technique

Robotic Cystectomy

Postoperative Care

Outcomes

Complications

References

Chapter 21: Bladder Diverticulectomy

Chapter 21 Introduction

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Diagnosis

Figure 21.3

Indications for Surgery

Alternative Therapy

Preoperative Assessment

Surgical Technique

Transurethral Resection

Open Surgical Technique

Intravesical or Transvesical Diverticulectomy

Combined Intravesical and Extravesical Diverticulectomy

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Outcomes

Complications

Results

References

Chapter 22: Bladder Augmentation

Chapter 22 Introduction

History

Patient Assessment

Evaluation

Bowel Segment Options

Table 22.1: List of Indications

Alternative Therapies

Surgical Technique

Table 22.2: Pre and Post Operative Investigation Regimen

Outcome

Complications

Special Circumstances

References

Chapter 23: Management of the Distal Ureter for Nephroureterectomy

Chapter 23 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Nephroureterectomy

Lymphadenectomy

Figure 23.1

Kidney-Sparing Therapy

Surgical Technique

Open Surgical Techniques

Intravesical Approach

Extravesical Approach with or without a Formal Bladder Cuff

Laparoscopic Extravesical Bladder Cuff Technique (21)

Robotic-Assisted Techniques

Transvesical Approach (22)

Extravesical Approach with a Formal Bladder Cuff (3)

Endoscopic Techniques

Transvesical Bladder Cuff Technique: Single Port (23)

Transvesical Bladder Cuff Technique: Two Ports (24)

Transurethral Bladder Cuff Technique

Ureteral Unroofing Technique (27)

Pluck Technique

Combined Open and Endoscopic Technique: Ureteral Intussusception (Stripping) (32)

Outcomes

Complications

References

Chapter 24: Vesicovaginal Fistula

Chapter 24 Introduction

Table 24.1: Etiologies of Vesicovaginal Fistulas

Diagnosis

Indications for Surgery

Nonsurgical Therapy—Conservative and Endoscopic

Surgical Techniques

Transvaginal Approach

Transabdominal (Intraperitoneal) Approach

Transvesical (Extraperitoneal) Approach

Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted Repair of Vesicovaginal Fistulas

Technique Controversies

Tissue Interposition

Excision of Fistula Edges

Table 24.2: Contemporary Studies Comparing Vesicovaginal Fistula Repair Techniques

Outcomes

Complications

Results

References

Chapter 25: Intestinourinary Fistulas

Chapter 25 Introduction

Intestinovesical Fistulas

Etiology

Diagnosis

Management

Surgical Technique

One-Stage Surgery

Outcomes

Table 25.1: Specific Causes of Vesicoenteric Fistulas

Figure 25.1

Rectourethral Fistulas

Background

Etiology

Diagnosis

Management

Sphincteric Function

Presence of Urethral Stricture or Bladder Neck Contracture

Status of Adjacent Tissue

Size and Location of the Fistula

Overall Condition and Life Expectancy of the Patient

Surgical Approaches

Surgical Approaches for Simple Rectourethral Fistulas

Surgical Approaches for Complex Rectourethral Fistulas

Outcomes

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 25.4

References

Chapter 26: Vesical Trauma and Hemorrhage

Bladder Trauma

Presentation and Diagnosis

Management

Description of Repair

Extraperitoneal Repair

Postoperative Care

Complications

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Table 26.1: American Association for the Surgery of Trauma Bladder Injury Classification

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

Figure 26.6

Vesical Hemorrhage

Management of Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Table 26.2: Etiology of Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Table 26.3: Treatment Options for Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Figure 26.7

References

Chapter 27: Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome

Chapter 27 Introduction

Diagnosis

Table 27.1: Interstitial Cystitis Indexes

Indications for Surgery

Figure 27.1

Nonsurgical Therapy

Figure 27.2

Surgical Technique

Bladder Hydrodistention

Endoscopic Resection or Fulguration of Ulcers

Augmentation Cystoplasty

Partial Cystectomy and Substitution Cystoplasty

Total Cystectomy with Orthotopic Neobladder or Urinary Diversion

Sacral Nerve Stimulation

Pudendal Neuromodulation

Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation

Denervation

Outcomes

Complications

Results

Table 27.2: Complications of Bladder Hydrodistention and Fulguration of Ulcers

Table 27.3: Complications of Major Bladder Reconstructive Surgery

Table 27.4: Complications of Interstim Neuromodulation Therapy

References

Chapter 28: Minimally Invasive Bladder Procedures: Radical Cystectomy, Partial Cystectomy, Urachal Excision, Diverticulectomy

Chapter 28 Introduction

Diagnosis

Indications

Alternative Therapy

Enhanced Recovery After Surgery Protocol

Table 28.1: Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Protocol

Radical Cystectomy

Patient Positioning and Port Placement

Anatomic Orientation

Mobilization and Division of the Ureters

Retrovesical Dissection

Lateral Dissection of the Bladder and Control of Vascular Pedicles

Anterior Dissection

Transection of Dorsal Vein Complex and Membranous Urethra and Specimen Entrapment

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 28.3

Modifications for Nerve-Sparing Cystectomy in Men

Modifications for Cystectomy in Women

Pelvic Exenteration

Figure 28.4

Figure 28.5

Reproductive Organ–Sparing Cystectomy

Extended and Superextended Lymphadenectomy

Surgical Technique

Figure 28.6

Figure 28.7

Urinary Diversion

Surgical Technique

Intracorporeal Orthotopic Ileal Neobladder

Isolation of the Small Bowel Intestine

Bowel Detubularization and Suture of the Posterior Plate of the Neobladder

Neobladder-Urethral Anastomosis and Folding the Pouch

Ureteral-Chimney Anastomoses

Intracorporeal (Bricker) Ileal Conduit

Figure 28.8

Figure 28.9

Figure 28.10

Figure 28.11

Figure 28.12

Postoperative Care

Figure 28.13

Oncologic Outcomes

Overall

Surgical Margins

Lymphadenectomy

Functional Outcomes

Urinary Diversion

Complications

Learning Curve

Quality of Life

Costs

Final Considerations

Partial Cystectomy, Urachal Excision

Surgical Techniques

Urachal Adenocarcinoma

Urachal Remnants

Robotic Bladder Diverticulectomy

Surgical Technique

Extravesical Approach

Transvesical Approach

Concomitant Procedure

Postoperative and Follow-up

References

Section Iii: Prostate

Chapter 29: Anatomy of the Prostate

Chapter 29 Introduction

Embryology

Gross Anatomy

Figure 29.1

Zonal Anatomy

Figure 29.2

Urethral Anatomy

Pelvic Fascial Anatomy

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Vascular and Neurologic Anatomy

Figure 29.5

Figure 29.6

Figure 29.7

Figure 29.8

Figure 29.9

Lymphatic Anatomy

References

Chapter 30: Surgery for Benign Prostatic Obstruction

Chapter 30 Introduction

Diagnosis

Table 30.1: Diagnostic Tests for Basic and Specialized Evaluation

Figure 30.1

Conservative and Medical Therapy

Figure 30.2

Figure 30.3

Indications for Surgery

Table 30.2: Indications for Surgery

Surgical Techniques

Minimally Invasive Therapy

Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy

Transurethral Needle Ablation

Endoscopic Transurethral Surgical Treatments

Electrosurgery

Laser Surgery

Open Surgery (Prostatectomy)

Suprapubic Prostatectomy

Retropubic (Millin) Prostatectomy

Laparoscopic or Robot-Assisted Procedures

Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Simple Prostatectomy

Investigational Surgical Procedures

Prostatic Urethral Lift

Botulinum Toxin A Injection into the Prostate

Table 30.3: Transurethral Incision or Resection of the Prostate

Table 30.4: Holmium Laser Enucleation of Prostate

Treatment Outcomes

Table 30.6: Recommended Prostate Size for Current Benign Prostatic Obstruction (BPO) Therapies

Table 30.5: Overview of Parameters that have been Shown to Predict Outcome after Therapy

Complications

Endoscopic Surgery

Open Surgery

Conclusion

References

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