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Genocide in Darfur Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan 1st Edition by Samuel Totten, Eric Markusen ISBN 0415953294 9780415953290

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Genocide in Darfur Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan 1st Edition Samuel Totten Digital Instant Download

Author(s): Samuel Totten, Eric Markusen
ISBN(s): 9780415953290, 0415953294
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 5.99 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
SKU: EB-1711546 Category: Tags: ,

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ISBN 10: 0415953294 
ISBN 13: 9780415953290
Author: Samuel Totten, Eric Markusen

In response to the ongoing mass murder of Black Sudanese groups in the Darfur region of Sudan by Sudanese government troops and Arab militias, the US government sent the Darfur Atrocities Documentation Team to various points along the Chad/Sudan in order to interview refugees from Darfur. Based on their investigation, US Secretary of State Colin Powell formally announced that ‘genocide has occurred in Darfur and may still be occurring.’ The United States officially accused the government of Sudan of perpetrating genocide – the first time that any government has officially and publicly accused another government of genocide. As a result the United States played a key role in pressuring the United Nations Security Council to pass a resolution calling for several measures, including an official UN Commission of Inquiry to conduct a genocide investigation in Sudan itself. This was the first time that any signatory of the Genocide Convention actually triggered provisions of the Convention requiring a UN Security Council response while genocide was occurring. This book is comprised of essays from contributors who were involved in designing the project and hiring and training investigators, interpreters, and support personnel; US government and nongovernmental organization (NGO) officials involved in the genesis of the project as well as the analysis of the data; and numerous scholars, not all of whom were directly involved with the project, who critique aspects of the documentation project as well as its significance.

Genocide in Darfur Investigating the Atrocities in the Sudan 1st Table of contents:

Part 1: The Background on Darfur
1 Disaster in Darfur: Historical Overview
Introduction
Darfur in History
The Price of Impotence
The Crisis in Darfur
The International Community Struggles to Respond
The Media,Diplomacy, and Humanitarians
Prevarications and Genocide
References
Notes
2 Moving Beyond the Sense of Alarm
The Importance of Places like Sudan
The Vision for Sudan
Developing a Strategy to Document the Atrocities in Darfur
The Historic Background to the Violence in Darfur
Why the Janjaweed Militia?7
Early Warnings
The Problem of Access
Building the Case for Emergency Aid
Building the Case for Genocide
Documenting Atrocities in Darfur
Relief and Protection
Conclusion
References
Part 2: The Investigation
3 Creating the ADT: Turning a Good Idea into Reality
The Seeds of the Atrocities Documentation Project (ADP)
Accepting the Challenge
The Focus and Effort of the Assessment Team
The Preparation and Work of the Field Investigators
The Finding Based on ADT (and other) Data
Note
4 Survey Methodology and the Darfur Genocide
Introduction
The Decision to Apply Survey Methodology in Documenting the Darfur Crisis
Questionnaire Design
Sampling Methodology: Design and Implementation
The Achieved Sample
Geo -referencing Events
Data Entry and Analysis
Quantitative Findings
The Statistics in Narrative Context
Applied Methodology in Retrospect
Conclusion
References
Notes
5 The Critical Link:Interpreters
Prologue
ADT Interpreters
Locating the Interpreters
Recruitment of the Interpreters
The Interpreters
Testing
Joint Training: The Interpreter and Investigators
Adjusting the Role to the Circumstances
Rules for Speaking through an Interpreter
Mid-Term Assessment
Mid-Term Assessment Interpreter Training
Feedback and Debriefing After the Initial Assignment
Conclusion
Notes
6 Moving into the Field and Conducting the Interviews: Commentary and Observations by the Investigators
Introduction
The Mission
Predeployment Briefing and Training in Abeche
Moving into the Field
Interactions with the Refugees and the Type of Information Gathered
A Sample of the Refugees’ Experiences Related in the Interviews
Rapes
Beatings, Torture, Injuries, and the Residual Effects
Destruction of Livelihood
Slurs Directed at the Black African Sudanese Population
Problems Faced by ADT Personnel in the Field
Impressions of the Data Being Collected
Lighter Moments
Debriefing Sessions
Final Thoughts
Notes
Part 3: The Genocide Determination
7 Making the Determination of Genocide in Darfur
Introduction
First Warnings about Darfur
Rwanda and Standing Orders
Influences on United States Darfur Policy
Designing the Inquiry
Insignificant Political Opposition to the Darfur Genocide Inquiry
Sending the ADT into the Field
‘Matching Facts to the Law:’ Arriving at the Genocide Determination
Genocide, But No New Action
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Notes
8 A New Chapter of Irony: The Legal Definition of Genocide and the Implications of Powell’s Determination
‘To Liberate Mankind from Such an Odious Scourge’
Is, Is Not
Weighing the Evidence
Politics, Not Law
References
Notes
9 Prosecuting Gender Crimes Committed in Darfur: Holding Leaders Accountable for Sexual Violence
Introduction
Historical Treatment of Wartime Rape in Law and Society
Sexual Violence in Darfur
Rape as Genocide and a Crime against Humanity
Individual and Superior Responsibility
Holding Leaders Accountable for Sex Crimes
Notes
Part 4: The Significance of the Darfur Atrocities Documentation Project: A Precedent for the Future? The Perspective of O’utsiders’
10 The Darfur Atrocities Documentation Project: A Precedent for the Future? A Perspective from Washington, D.C.
A Pivotal Role
On the Political Agenda
A Timely Report
Ultimately, Not Enough
References
11 From Rwanda to Darfur: Lessons Learned?
Introduction
Three Lessons from Rwanda
The Next Rwanda
The Role of the United States
References
12 Proving Genocide in Darfur: The Atrocities Documentation Project and Resistance to Its Findings
The Atrocities Documentation Project
The Finding of Genocide
Resistance and Denial
Overcoming Appeasement
Notes
13 ‘Atrocity Statistics’ and Other Lessons from Darfur
Introduction
Defining the Crime of Crimes
Atrocity Statistics
Not Just Political Will
Notes
Part 5: Analysis of the Rationale and Reasoning Behind the U.S. ADP and Genocide Determination
14 The U.S. Investigation into the Darfur Crisis and Its Determination of Genocide:A Critical Analysis
Introduction
Findings
The Factors Resulting in Major Conclusion(s) of the Investigation
Strengths and Limitations of the Investigation, the Genocide Finding, and Action Based upon the Genocide Finding
Ramifications of the ADP
Conclusion
References
Notes
Contributors
Afterword
References
Appendices
Appendix 1: Darfur Refugee Questionnaire
Appendix 2: Documenting Atrocities in Darfur
Summary
Humanitarian Crisis
Human Rights Crisis
Ethnographic Background
Political and Military Conflict
Current International Response
Refugee Interviews and Survey Results
Refugee Interviews and Survey Methodology
Appendix 3: The Crisis in Darfur U.S. Secretary of State Colin L. Powell
Appendix 4: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

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