Elusive Equality Desegregation and Resegregation in Norfolk’s Public Schools 1st edition by Jeffrey Littlejohn,Charles Ford 9780813932897 0813932890

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ISBN 10:0813932890 
ISBN 13:9780813932897
Author:Jeffrey Littlejohn,Charles Ford

In Elusive Equality, Jeffrey L. Littlejohn and Charles H. Ford place Norfolk, Virginia, at the center of the South’s school desegregation debates, tracing the crucial role that Norfolk’s African Americans played in efforts to equalize and integrate the city’s schools. The authors relate how local activists participated in the historic teacher-pay-parity cases of the 1930s and 1940s, how they fought against the school closures and “Massive Resistance” of the 1950s, and how they challenged continuing patterns of discrimination by insisting on crosstown busing in the 1970s and 1980s. Despite the advances made by local activists, however, Littlejohn and Ford argue that the vaunted “urban advantage” supposedly now enjoyed by Norfolk’s public schools is not easy to reconcile with the city’s continuing gaps and disparities in relation to race and class. In analyzing the history of struggles over school integration in Norfolk, the authors scrutinize the stories told by participants, including premature declarations of victory that laud particular achievements while ignoring the larger context in which they take place. Their research confirms that Norfolk was a harbinger of national trends in educational policy and civil rights. Drawing on recently released archival materials, oral interviews, and the rich newspaper coverage in the Journal and Guide, Virginian-Pilot, and Ledger-Dispatch, Littlejohn and Ford present a comprehensive, multidimensional, and unsentimental analysis of the century-long effort to gain educational equality. A historical study with contemporary implications, their book offers a balanced view based on a thorough, sober look at where Norfolk’s school district has been and where it is going.

Elusive Equality Desegregation and Resegregation in Norfolk’s Public Schools 1st Table of contents:

Chapter One: Discrimination and Dissent: Norfolk under the Old Dominion, 1938–1954

Chapter Two: Courage and Conviction: Moderation’s Failure in Norfolk, 1954–1958

Chapter Three: Conflict and Continuity: Desegregation’s Difficult Birth in Norfolk, 1958–1959

Chapter Four: Protest and Progress: The All-American City and the Age of Tokenism, 1960–1968

Chapter Five: Busing and Backlash: The Ambivalent Heyday of School Integration, 1968–1975

Chapter Six: Cowardice and Complacency: The Road to Riddick and Resegregation, 1975–1987

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