Educational Differences 1st Edition by Arthur Jensen ISBN 0415506247 9780415506243

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ISBN 10: 0415506247 
ISBN 13: 9780415506243
Author: Arthur Jensen

 Educational Differences 1st Table of contents:

Hierarchical theories of mental ability
Where should we look for interactions?
Psychology of School Subjects
Special Education
Experimental Psychology
Hierarchical Conceptions of Mental Ability
Types of hierarchical theories
Taxonomic Systems
Factor Hierarchies
Hierarchical Versus Non-Hierarchical Correlations
Learning Hierarchies
Neurological Hierarchies
Phylogenic Hierarchies
Ontogenic Hierarchies
A Hierarchy of Complexity and the Question of g
A two-level theory of mental abilities
The Dimensionality of Social Class Differences
Genotypic Abilities: Level i and Level II
Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
Hierarchical Dependence of Level II Upon Level I
Distributions of Level I and Level II as a Function of Socio-Economic Status (SES)
Level I–Level II Correlation in Low and Middle SES
Growth Curves of Level i and Level II Abilities
Empirical evidence
Independence of Level I and Level II
Triple Interaction of IQ, Learning Ability and SES
SES Differences on Level I and Level II
Correlations Between Level I and Level II in Low and Middle SES Groups
SES Differences Within Digit Span Performance
Evidence for the ‘Twisted Pear’ Correlation
Growth Functions of Level I and Level II
Practical validity of Level I tests
The culturally disadvantaged: psychological and educational aspects
Description and assessment of the culturally retarded
Differential diagnosis of cultural retardation
Polygenic Inheritance
Major Gene Defect
Brain Damage
Intelligence, learning ability and educability
Environment as a threshold variable
Social class and intelligence
Racial differences in intelligence
Environmental influences on intelligence and educability
Specific experiential deficiences of the culturally disadvantaged
Perceptual Abilities
Attentional Ability
Language Deficiencies
General language characteristics
Verbal mediation of cognitive functions
1 Labeling
2 The Associative Network
3 Abstraction and Categorization
4 Syntactical Mnemonic Elaboration
Compensatory education for the disadvantaged
Other Intervention Programs
Understanding readiness
The relativity of readiness
Ignoring readiness
Conclusion
The role of verbal mediation in mental development1
The nature of mental development
The Recent Importance of Mediation Theory and Research
Formulation of the Principal Research Problem
Recent history of research on mediation processes
Russian Work
American Research on Mediation
Types of mediation processes
Labeling
Mediated and Semantic Generalization
Far Transposition
Reversal-Non-Reversal Shift
Experimentally Acquired Mediation
Extraexperientially Acquired Mediators: Implicit Chaining Paradigm
Associative Clustering
Verbal Self-Reinforcement
Syntactical Mediation and Mnemonic Elaboration
Learning Set Formation
Cross-Modal Transfer
Current Research Problems
Hierachical Arrangement of Learning Processes
Training Cognitive Skills
Associative Clustering in Free Recall
Psychometrizing Piaget Conservation Tests
The Age-Scale Properties of Figure Copying
Failure in Mediation Arousal
Relationship Between Learning Abilities and Intelligence
Summary
Another look at culture-fair testing
An old issue
Status-fair versus culture-fair tests
Why intelligence tests are like they are
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
Intelligence A, B, and C
Purposes of testing
Means of achieving status-fair tests
Control of extrinsic factors in taking tests
Improving subtests with status-fair potential
A bias in age-graded scales
Physiological indices of intelligence
Definitions and criteria of status-fairness
Criteria derived from quantitative genetics
Estimation of narrow heritability (HN)
Extending the spectrum of measured abilities
Selection of minority students in higher education
The boom in higher education
Extrinsic and intrinsic problems in minority education
The aspiration of minorities for college education
The probable supply of college qualified blacks
Reasons for the dearth of college qualified blacks
Sex Differences
A Word About Intelligence Tests
Genetic Factors
Average Black-White Differences in IQ
Causes of The Difference
The validity of college selection procedures
Predictive Validity of High School Grades
Popular misconceptions about selection tests
Are Tests Unfair to Minorities?
Are Verbal Tests Biased Against Blacks?
Are Grades or Ratings Unfair to Blacks?
Do Tests Measure Socio-Economic Status More Than Ability?
Are Recruited Students the Same as Self-Selected Students?
The Smallpox Fallacy
Consequences of ignoring selection criteria
Solutions to the problem
Compensatory Programs
Discovery and Cultivation of Academic Talent
Widening College Opportunities
Enhancing the Value of Diverse Education
Do schools cheat minority children?1
School comparisons of academic achievement
The misuse of national and state norms
Majority-minority comparisons within a school district
Rationale of the study
Input variables
Ability Tests
Motivational and Personality Tests
Background Information
Output Variables: Scholastic Achievement
Distinction between aptitude and achievement
Cumulative Deficit and The Progressive Achievement Gap
Progressive Achievement Gap in a California School District
Equality of educational opportunity: uniformity or diversity of instruction?
Varieties of individual differences in learning
Individual differences and learning research
Classification of individual differences
Intrinsic and extrinsic individual differences
Phenotypes and genotypes
Primary mental abilities
Transfer and individual differences
Can we and should we study race differences?
Is intelligence an attribute?
Is intelligence inherited?
Specific comments on genetics and IQ
Is race a variable?
Are there racial differences in IQ?
Are race differences important?
Can race differences be researched?
Genetic research to reduce the heredity-environment uncertainty
Implications for education
The phylogeny and ontogeny of intelligence
Phylogeny of adaptive behaviour
Ontogeny of human mental abilities
Individual differences in mental development
Sub-population differences in mental development
Personality correlates of ability
The heritability of intelligence
Significance of the IQ
The causes of IQ differences
Experiments in animal breeding
Identical twins reared apart
Unrelated children reared together
Resemblance between parents and children
IQs of husbands and wives
The effect of inbreeding on IQ
The relative effects of heredity and environment
Heritability and teachability
Heritability and teachability
Reaction range of IQ
Heritability and individual IQs
Heritability and group differences
Analysis of group mean differences
Heritability in the Negro population
Controlling for social class
Environmentalist hypotheses
Negative Correlations Between Environment and Ability
Culture-Biased Tests
Language Deprivation
Poor Motivation
Non-Cognitive Tests
Nutritional Deficiencies
Prenatal and Perinatal Disadvantages
Educational implications
Seeking aptitude × training interactions
Greater attention to learning readiness
Greater diversity of curricula and goals

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