Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles 2nd Edition by Donald W Sparling ISBN 1420064177 9781420064179

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ISBN 10: 1420064177 
ISBN 13: 9781420064179
Author: Donald W Sparling

Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles 2nd Table of contents:

1 Recent Advancements In Amphibian and Reptile Ecotoxicology
1.1 Current Status of Ecotoxicological Research On Amphibians and Reptiles
 1.1.1 Source of Publication In Formation
 1.1.2 Comparisons Among Vertebrates
 1.1.3 Productivity Within Amphibians and Reptiles
  1.1.3.1 Amphibians
  1.1.3.2 Reptiles
 1.1.4 Conclusions
1.2 What’S In This Book?
References

2 Declines and the Global Status of Amphibians
2.1 Amphibian Declines: Defining the Problem
2.2 Potential Causes of the Amphibian Decline Crisis
 2.2.1 Habitat Destruction
 2.2.2 Exotic Predators
 2.2.3 Environmental Contamination
 2.2.4 Human Utilization
 2.2.5 Disease
  2.2.5.1 Ranaviruses
  2.2.5.2 Saprolegnia and Other Fungal Pathogens
  2.2.5.3 Amphibian Chytrid Fungus
   2.2.5.3.1 Characteristics of the Pathogen
   2.2.5.3.2 Emergence and Persistence of Chytridiomycosis
   2.2.5.3.3 Determinants of Vulnerability To Chytridiomycosis
 2.2.6 Amphibian Limb Malformations and Their Relation To Parasitic Disease
 2.2.7 Ultraviolet Radiation
 2.2.8 Climate Change
2.3 Management of Amphibian Populations
2.4 Summary and Conclusions
References

3 The Global Status of Reptiles and Causes of Their Decline
3.1 Determining the Status of Reptile Species and Populations
3.2 Factors Contributing To Reptile Declines
 3.2.1 Habitat Loss
 3.2.2 Unsustainable Removal
 3.2.3 Environmental Contamination
 3.2.4 Climate Change
 3.2.5 Invasive Species
 3.2.6 Disease and Parasitism
 3.2.7 Cascading Declines
3.3 Global Status of Reptile Populations
 3.3.1 Testudines
 3.3.2 Crocodilians
 3.3.3 Squamates: Lacertilians
 3.3.4 Squamates: Serpents
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

4 Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles In A Nutshell
4.1 Historic Developments: Amphibians and Reptiles In Ecotoxicology
 4.1.1 Amphibians
 4.1.2 Reptiles
4.2 Contaminant Exposure Pathways For Amphibians and Reptiles
4.3 Toxicity Assessment: Laboratory Studies
 4.3.1 Toxicity Tests Using Amphibians
 4.3.2 Toxicity Tests Using Reptiles
4.4 Toxicity Assessment: Mesocosm Studies
4.5 Toxicity Assessment: Field Studies
4.6 Biomarkers of Exposure and Effect In Amphibians and Reptiles
4.7 Recurring and Emerging Issues: Future Challenges For Toxicologists Studying Amphibians and Reptiles
 4.7.1 Recurring Issues In the Ecotoxicology of Amphibians and Reptiles
 4.7.2 Emerging Chemical Contaminants
 4.7.3 Ecotoxicology and Multiple Stressors
4.8 Summary
Acknowledgments
References

5 Physiological Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles
5.1 Physiological Ecology and Exposure To Chemicals In the Environment
 5.1.1 Brief Overview of Physiological Energetics
 5.1.2 Physiological Ecology, Exposure Models, and Food Chains
5.2 Pathways of Contaminant Exposure For Amphibians and Reptiles
5.3 Physiological Ecology of Amphibians and Reptiles: Natural History and Life History Attributes Influencing Exposure
 5.3.1 Dietary Exposures, Gastrointestinal, and Digestive Physiology
 5.3.2 Thermoregulatory, Osmoregulatory, and Excretory Physiology
 5.3.3 Dermal and Percutaneous Exposure, Respiratory Physiology, and Gas Exchange
5.4 Endpoints Commonly Linked To Chemical Exposures To Amphibians and Reptiles In Laboratory and Field
 5.4.1 Growth
 5.4.2 Reproduction and Endocrinology
  5.4.2.1 Reproduction and the Environment
  5.4.2.2 Pineal Gland
  5.4.2.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary
 5.4.3 Female Reproduction
  5.4.3.1 Vitellogenin
  5.4.3.2 Ovarian Structure and Function
  5.4.3.3 Reproductive Strategies
 5.4.4 Male Reproduction
  5.4.4.1 Testis Structure and Function
  5.4.4.2 Fertilization and Copulatory Organs
5.5 Reproductive Ecology
 5.5.1 Parental Care
 5.5.2 Offspring Survival
 5.5.3 Lifespan and Exposure
5.6 Development
 5.6.1 Sex Determination
 5.6.2 Metamorphosis
 5.6.3 Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds
5.7 Behavior
 5.7.1 Sensory Organs
 5.7.2 Locomotion and Foraging
 5.7.3 Amphibians and Reptiles: Entanglements of Chemical Exposures, Foraging, and Feeding Habits
5.8 Biomarkers, Metabolism, and Development of Energetics-Based Tools
 5.8.1 Specific Dynamic Action
5.9 Interactions of Chemicals With Physiological and Environmental Factors
 5.9.1 Ultraviolet Radiation
 5.9.2 Stress
  5.9.2.1 Hibernation
  5.9.2.2 Freeze Tolerance
  5.9.2.3 Estivation
5.10 Physiological Ecology and Multiple Stressors: Developing A Common Currency To Evaluate Chemical Exposures To Amphibians and Reptiles In Field Settings
 5.10.1 Research Needs: the Next 10 Years and Beyond
Dedication
References

6 Effects of Current-Use Pesticides On Amphibians
6.1 History of Studies Involving Amphibians and Pesticides
6.2 Role of Pesticides In Amphibian Population Declines
6.3 Goals For This Chapter
6.4 Atrazine
 6.4.1 Estrogenic Effects
 6.4.2 Direct Effects
 6.4.3 Indirect Effects
6.5 Carbaryl
6.6 Glyphosate
6.7 Malathion
6.8 Metolachlor
6.9 Types of Studies Used To Examine Pesticide Effects On Amphibians
6.10 Conclusions
References

7 Ecotoxicology of Pesticides In Reptiles
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Pyrethroid Insecticides
7.3 Organophosphorus and Carbamate Insecticides
 7.3.1 Organophosphates
 7.3.2 Carbamates
 7.3.3 Cholinesterase Inhibition Studies
7.4 Piscicides
7.5 Herbicides
7.6 Fungicides
7.7 Vertebrate Pest Control Agents
7.8 Tissue Residue Data
7.9 Assessment and Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References

8 Atrazine In the Environment and Its Implications For Amphibians and Reptiles
8.1 Atrazine In the Environment
 8.1.1 Soil and Water
 8.1.2 Biota
8.2 Toxicity To Amphibians and Reptiles
 8.2.1 Amphibians: Toxicity To Eggs, Larvae, and Metamorphs
  8.2.1.1 Acute Toxicity
  8.2.1.2 Mixtures
  8.2.1.3 Malformations and Edema
  8.2.1.4 Parasites and Disease
  8.2.1.5 Growth and Metamorphosis
  8.2.1.6 Toxicity To Adults
 8.2.2 Endocrine Disruption : Receptor Binding and Modes of Action
  8.2.2.1 Adrenal Function
  8.2.2.2 Sexual Development
 8.2.3 Toxicity To Aquatic Communities Including Amphibians
 8.2.4 Effects of Atrazine Exposure On Reptiles
8.3 Conclusions
References

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Tags: Donald W Sparling, Ecotoxicology, Amphibians