Digital Power Electronics and Applications 1st Edition by Fang Lin Luo, Hong Ye, Muhammad Rashid ISBN 9780080459028 0080459021

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ISBN 10: 0080459021
ISBN 13: 9780080459028
Author: Fang Lin Luo, Hong Ye, Muhammad Rashid
The purpose of this book is to describe the theory of Digital Power Electronics and its applications. The authors apply digital control theory to power electronics in a manner thoroughly different from the traditional, analog control scheme. In order to apply digital control theory to power electronics, the authors define a number of new parameters, including the energy factor, pumping energy, stored energy, time constant, and damping time constant. These parameters differ from traditional parameters such as the power factor, power transfer efficiency, ripple factor, and total harmonic distortion. These new parameters result in the definition of new mathematical modeling:

• A zero-order-hold (ZOH) is used to simulate all AC/DC rectifiers.
• A first-order-hold (FOH) is used to simulate all DC/AC inverters.
• A second-order-hold (SOH) is used to simulate all DC/DC converters.
• A first-order-hold (FOH) is used to simulate all AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) converters.

• Presents most up-to-date methods of analysis and control algorithms for developing power electronic converters and power switching circuits
• Provides an invaluable reference for engineers designing power converters, commercial power supplies, control systems for motor drives, active filters, etc.
• Presents methods of analysis not available in other books

Digital Power Electronics and Applications 1st Edition Table of contents:

1. Introduction

1.1 Historical review

1.1.1 WORK, ENERGY AND HEAT

1.1.2 DC AND AC EQUIPMENT

DC Power Supply

AC Power Supply

1.1.3 LOADS

Linear Passive Loads

Linear Dynamic Loads

1.1.4 IMPEDANCE

1.1.5 POWERS

Apparent Power S

Power P

Reactive Power Q

1.2 Traditional parameters

1.2.1 POWER FACTOR (PF)

1.2.2 POWER-TRANSFER EFFICIENCY (η)

1.2.3 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION (THD)

1.2.4 RIPPLE FACTOR (RF)

1.2.5 APPLICATION EXAMPLES

Power and Efficiency (η)

An R–L Circuit Calculation

A Three-Phase Circuit Calculation

1.3 Multiple-quadrant operations and choppers

1.3.1 THE FIRST-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.3.2 THE SECOND-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.3.3 THE THIRD-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.3.4 THE FOURTH-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.3.5 THE FIRST–SECOND-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.3.6 THE THIRD–FOURTH-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.3.7 THE FOUR-QUADRANT CHOPPER

1.4 Digital power electronics: pump circuits and conversion technology

1.4.1 FUNDAMENTAL PUMP CIRCUITS

1.4.2 AC/DC RECTIFIERS

1.4.3 DC/AC PWM INVERTERS

1.4.4 DC/DC CONVERTERS

1.4.5 AC/AC CONVERTERS

1.5 Shortage of analog power electronics and conversion technology

1.6 Power semiconductor devices applied in digital power electronics

FURTHER READING

2. Energy Factor (EF) and Sub-sequential Parameters

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Pumping energy (PE)

2.2.1 ENERGY QUANTIZATION

2.2.2 ENERGY QUANTIZATION FUNCTION

2.3 Stored energy (SE)

2.3.1 STORED ENERGY IN CONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE

Stored Energy (SE)

Capacitor–Inductor Stored Energy Ratio (CIR)

Energy Losses (EL)

Stored Energy Variation on Inductors and Capacitors (VE)

2.3.2 STORED ENERGY IN DISCONTINUOUS CONDUCTION MODE (DCM)

2.4 Energy factor (EF)

2.5 Variation energy factor (EF[sub(V)])

2.6 Time constant, τ, and damping time constant, τ[sub(d)]

2.6.1 TIME CONSTANT, τ

2.6.2 DAMPING TIME CONSTANT, τ[sub(d)]

2.6.3 TIME CONSTANT RATIO, ξ

2.6.4 MATHEMATICAL MODELING FOR POWER DC/DC CONVERTERS

2.7 Examples of applications

2.7.1 A BUCK CONVERTER IN CCM

Buck Converter without Energy Losses (r[sub(L)] = 0Ω)

Buck Converter with Small Energy Losses (r[sub(L)] = 1.5Ω)

Buck Converter with Energy Losses (r[sub(L)] = 4.5Ω)

Buck Converter with Large Energy Losses (r[sub(L)] = 6Ω)

2.7.2 A SUPER-LIFT LUO-CONVERTER IN CCM

2.7.3 A BOOST CONVERTER IN CCM (NO POWER LOSSES)

2.7.4 A BUCK–BOOST CONVERTER IN CCM (NO POWER LOSSES)

2.7.5 POSITIVE-OUTPUT LUO-CONVERTER IN CCM (NO POWER LOSSES)

2.8 Small signal analysis

2.8.1 A BUCK CONVERTER IN CCM WITHOUT ENERGY LOSSES (r[sub(L)] = 0)

2.8.2 BUCK-CONVERTER WITH SMALL ENERGY LOSSES (r[sub(L)] = 1.5Ω)

2.8.3 SUPER-LIFT LUO-CONVERTER WITH ENERGY LOSSES (r[sub(L)] = 0.12Ω)

FURTHER READING

APPENDIX A – A SECOND-ORDER TRANSFER FUNCTION

A.1 Very Small Damping Time Constant

A.2 Small Damping Time Constant

A.3 Critical Damping Time Constant

A.4 Large Damping Time Constant

APPENDIX B – SOME CALCULATION FORMULAE DERIVATIONS

B.1 Transfer Function of Buck Converter

B.2 Transfer Function of Super-Lift Luo-converter

B.3 Simplified Transfer function of Super-Lift Luo-converter

B.4 Time Constants τ and τ[sub(d), and Ratio ξ

3. Basic Mathematics of Digital Control Systems

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Digital Signals and Coding

3.3 Shannon’s sampling theorem

3.3.1 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO NYQUIST SAMPLING THEORY

3.3.2 SHANNON SAMPLING THEOREM

3.4 Sample-and-hold devices

3.4.1 DIGITAL WORDS AND CODES

3.4.2 SAMPLING PROCESS

3.5 Analog-to-digital conversion

3.5.1 A/D CONVERSION PROCESS

3.5.2 A/D CONVERTERS

3.6 Digital-to-analog conversion

3.6.1 D/A CONVERSION PROCESS

3.6.2 D/A CONVERTERS

3.6.3 A/D AND D/A CONVERSION ERRORS

3.7 Energy quantization

3.8 Introduction to reconstruction of sampled signals

3.9 Data conversion: the zero-order hold

3.10 The first-order hold

3.11 The second-order hold

3.11.1 VERY SMALL DAMPING TIME CONSTANT τ[sub(d)]

3.11.2 SMALL DAMPING TIME CONSTANT τ[sub(d)] < τ/4

3.11.3 CRITICAL DAMPING TIME CONSTANT τ[sub(d)] = τ/4

3.11.4 LARGE DAMPING TIME CONSTANT τ[sub(d)] > τ/4

3.12 The Laplace transform (the s-domain)

3.13 The z-transform (the z-domain)

FURTHER READING

4. Mathematical Modeling of Digital Power Electronics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 A zero-order hold (ZOH) for AC/DC controlled rectifiers

4.2.1 TRADITIONAL MODELING FOR AC/DC CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

4.2.2 A ZERO-ORDER HOLD FOR AC/DC CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS IN DIGITAL CONTROL

4.3 A first-order transfer function for DC/AC pulse-width-modulation inverters

4.3.1 TRADITIONAL MODELING FOR DC/AC PWM INVERTERS

4.3.2 A FIRST-ORDER HOLD FOR DC/AC PWM INVERTERS IN DIGITAL CONTROL

4.4 A second-order transfer function for DC/DC converters

4.4.1 TRADITIONAL MODELING FOR DC/DC CONVERTERS

4.4.2 A SECOND-ORDER HOLD FOR DC/DC CONVERTERS IN DIGITAL CONTROL

4.5 A first-order transfer function for AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) converters

4.5.1 TRADITIONAL MODELING FOR AC/DC CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS

4.5.2 A FOH FOR AC/AC CONVERTERS IN DIGITAL CONTROL

FURTHER READING

5. Digitally Controlled AC/DC Rectifiers

5.1 Introduction

5.1.1 SINGLE-PHASE HALF-WAVE DIODE RECTIFIER

5.1.2 SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE DIODE RECTIFIER

Parameters

Power Factor

5.1.3 THREE-PHASE HALF-WAVE DIODE RECTIFIER

5.1.4 THREE-PHASE FULL-WAVE DIODE RECTIFIER

5.1.5 THREE-PHASE DOUBLE-ANTI-STAR WITH INTERPHASE-TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER

5.1.6 SIX-PHASE HALF-WAVE DIODE RECTIFIER

5.1.7 SIX-PHASE FULL-WAVE DIODE RECTIFIER

5.2 Mathematical modeling for AC/DC rectifiers

5.3 Single-phase half-wave controlled AC/DC rectifier

5.4 Single-phase full-wave AC/DC rectifier

5.5 Three-phase half-wave controlled AC/DC rectifier

5.6 Three-phase full-wave controlled AC/DC rectifier

5.7 Three-phase double-anti-star with interphase-transformer controlled AC/DC rectifier

5.8 Six-phase half-wave controlled AC/DC rectifier

5.9 Six-phase full-wave controlled AC/DC rectifier

FURTHER READING

6. Digitally Controlled DC/AC Inverters

6.1 Introduction

6.1.1 SINGLE-PHASE HALF-BRIDGE VSI

6.1.2 SINGLE-PHASE FULL-BRIDGE VSI

6.1.3 THREE-PHASE FULL-BRIDGE VSI

6.1.4 THREE-PHASE FULL-BRIDGE CSI

6.1.5 MULTISTAGE PWM INVERTER

6.1.6 MULTILEVEL PWM INVERTER

6.2 Mathematical modeling for DC/AC PWM inverters

6.3 Single-phase half-wave VSI

6.4 Single-phase full-bridge PWM VSI

6.5 Three-phase full-bridge PWM VSI

6.6 Three-phase full-bridge PWM CSI

6.7 Multistage PWM inverter

6.8 Multilevel PWM inverter

FURTHER READING

7. Digitally Controlled DC/DC Converters

7.1 Introduction

7.1.1 THE FIRST-GENERATION CONVERTERS

Fundamental converters

Buck converter

Boost converter

Buck–Boost converter

Transformer-Type Converters

Forward converter

Push–Pull Converter

Fly-back Converter

Half-bridge converter

Bridge Converter

Zeta Converter

Forward Converter with Tertiary Winding and Multiple Outputs

Developed Converters

P/O Luo-Converter

N/O Luo-Converter

D/O Luo-Converter

Cúk-Converter

SEPIC

Voltage-Lift Converters

Super-Lift Converters

7.1.2 THE SECOND-GENERATION CONVERTERS

7.1.3 THE THIRD-GENERATION CONVERTERS

Switched-Capacitor Converters

Switched-Inductor Converters

7.1.4 THE FOURTH-GENERATION CONVERTERS

Zero-Current-Switching Quasi-Resonant Converters

Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasi-Resonant Converters

Zero-Transition Converters

7.1.5 THE FIFTH-GENERATION CONVERTERS

7.1.6 THE SIXTH-GENERATION CONVERTERS

7.1.7 ALL PROTOTYPES AND DC/DC CONVERTER FAMILY TREE

7.2 Mathematical Modeling for power DC/DC converters

7.3 Fundamental DC/DC converter

7.4 Developed DC/DC converters

7.5 Soft-switching converters

7.6 Multi-element resonant power converters

FURTHER READING

8. Digitally Controlled AC/AC Converters

8.1 Introduction

8.1.1 SINGLE-PHASE AC/AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

Phase Angle Control

On/Off Control

PWMAC Chopper Control

8.1.2 THREE-PHASE AC/AC VOLTAGE CONTROLLER

Phase Angle Control

On/Off Control

PWMAC/AC Control

8.1.3 SISO CYCLOCONVERTERS

8.1.4 TISO CYCLOCONVERTERS

8.1.5 TITO CYCLOCONVERTERS

8.1.6 AC/DC/AC CONVERTERS

8.1.7 MATRIX CONVERTERS

Venturini Method

SVM Method

Control Implementation and Comparison of the Two Methods

8.2 Traditional modeling for AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) converters

8.3 Single-phase AC/AC converter

8.4 Three-phase AC/AC voltage controllers

8.5 SISO cycloconverters

8.6 TISO cycloconverters

8.7 TITO cycloconverters

8.8 AC/DC/AC PWM converters

8.9 Matrix converters

FURTHER READING

9. Open-loop Control for Digital Power Electronics

9.1 Introduction

9.1.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS

Converters Open-Loop Analysis

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.1.2 UNIT-STEP RESPONSES

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.1.3 IMPULSE RESPONSES

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.2 Stability analysis

9.2.1 AC/DC RECTIFIERS

AC/DC Rectifiers Open-Loop Analysis

Analysis of AC/DC Rectifiers with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.2.2 DC/AC INVERTERS AND AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) CONVERTERS

Open-Loop Stability Analysis for DC/AC Inverters and AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) Converters

Open-Loop Stability Analysis for DC/AC Inverters and AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) Converters with a First-Order

Open-Loop Stability Analysis for DC/AC Inverters and AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) Converters with a First-Order

9.2.3 DC/DC CONVERTERS

Converters Open-Loop Analysis

Analysis of Converters with a First-Order Load

Analysis of DC/DC Converters with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.3 Unit-step function responses

9.3.1 AC/DC RECTIFIERS

AC/DC Rectifiers Open-Loop Analysis

Analysis of AC/DC Rectifiers with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.3.2 DC/AC INVERTERS AND AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) CONVERTERS

Open-Loop Unit-Step Response Analysis

Analysis of an FOH with a First-Order Load

Analysis of an FOH with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.3.3 DC/DC CONVERTERS

Converters Open-Loop Analysis

Analysis of DC/DC Converters with a First-Order Load

Analysis of DC/DC Converters with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

9.4 Impulse responses

9.4.1 IMPULSE RESPONSE OF THE CONVERTER OPEN-LOOP SYSTEMS

9.4.2 IMPULSE RESPONSE OF THE CONVERTER WITH A FIRST-ORDER CIRCUIT

9.4.3 IMPULSE RESPONSE OF THE CONVERTER WITH A FIRST-ORDER CIRCUIT PLUS AN INTEGRAL ELEMENT

9.5 Summary

FURTHER READING

10. Closed-Loop Control for Digital Power Electronics

10.1 Introduction

10.1.1 PI CONTROLLER

Stability Analysis

Unit-Step-Function Responses

Closed-Loop Control

10.1.2 PROPORTIONAL-PLUS-INTEGRAL-PLUS-DIFFERENTIAL CONTROLLER

Stability Analysis

Unit-Step-Function Responses

Closed-Loop Control

10.2 PI control for AC/DC rectifiers

10.2.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.2.2 UNITY-STEP RESPONSES

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.2.3 IMPULSE RESPONSES

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.3 PI control for DC/AC inverters and AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) converters

10.3.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load

Analysis of Rectifiers with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.3.2 UNIT-STEP RESPONSE FOR PI CONTROLLED DC/AC INVERTERS AND AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) CONVERTERS

Analysis of an FOH with a First-Order Load

Analysis of the FOH with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.3.3 IMPULSE RESPONSE FOR PI CONTROLLED DC/AC INVERTERS AND AC/AC (AC/DC/AC) CONVERTERS

Analysis of the FOH with a First-Order Load

Analysis of the FOH with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.4 PID control for DC/DC converters

10.4.1 STABILITY ANALYSIS OF PID CONTROLLED DC/DC CONVERTERS

Analysis of DC/DC Converters with a First-Order Load

Analysis of DC/DC Converters with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.4.2 UNIT-STEP RESPONSE FOR PID CONTROLLED DC/DC CONVERTERS

Analysis of an SOH with a First-Order Load

Analysis of the SOH with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

10.4.3 IMPULSE RESPONSE FOR PID CONTROLLED DC/DC CONVERTERS

Analysis of the SOH with a First-Order Load

Analysis of the SOH with a First-Order Load Plus an Integral Element

FURTHER READING

11. Energy Factor Application in AC and DC Motor Drives

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Energy storage in motors

11.2.1 ENERGY STORAGE IN AC MOTOR

Mechanical Energy Storage

Electrical Energy Storage

11.2.2 ENERGY STORAGE IN DC MOTOR

Mechanical Energy Storage

Electrical Energy Storage

11.3 A DC/AC voltage source

11.3.1 ZERO-PHASE ODD-HARMONIC REPETITIVE CONTROL

Odd-Harmonic Periodic Signal Generator

Odd-Harmonic Repetitive Control

Phase Cancellation Compensation

11.3.2 ZERO-PHASE ODD-HARMONIC REPETITIVE CONTROLLED PWM INVERTER

Modeling of the System

Zero-Phase Odd-Harmonic Control

11.3.3 EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION

Steady-State Response

Transient Response

Sudden Step Load Change

11.3.4 SUMMARY

11.4 An AC/DC current source

11.4.1 SYSTEM ARRANGEMENT

PI-Controller

ZOH to Simulate the SCR

The First-Order Load

Disturbance Signal

11.4.2 SYSTEM STABILITY ANALYSIS

11.4.3 UNIT-STEP RESPONSE ANALYSIS

11.4.4 IMPULSE RESPONSE ANALYSIS

11.5 AC motor drives

11.5.1 AC MOTOR SUPPLIED BY A CHOPPER

11.5.2 AC MOTOR SUPPLIED BY A DC/AC INVERTER OR AC/AC CONVERTER

11.5.3 VARIABLE-SPEED AC MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM SUPPLIED BY A FOH

11.6 DC motor drives

11.6.1 DC MOTOR SUPPLIED BY A CHOPPER

11.6.2 DC MOTOR SUPPLIED BY AN AC/DC RECTIFIER

11.6.3 VARIABLE-SPEED DC PM MOTOR DRIVE SYSTEM SUPPLIED BY A SOH

REFERENCES

12. Applications in Other Branches of Power Electronics

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Power systems analysis

12.3 Power factor correction

12.3.1 OPERATING PRINCIPLES

12.3.2 MATHEMATICAL MODEL DERIVATION

Averaged Model over One Switching Period T[sub(S)]

Averaged Model over One Half Line Period T[sub(L)]

12.3.3 MODEL VALIDATION

12.3.4 SIMULATION RESULTS

12.3.5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

12.3.6 CONTROLLER DESIGN

12.4 Static compensation (STATCOM)

12.4.1 SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

Configuration of STATCOM System

Three-Phase 9-Level Trinary Hybrid Multilevel Inverter

Counts of GTOs

Series Connection of GTOs

Device Power Loss and the Cost of Cooling Systems

Cost of DC Capacitors

12.4.2 CONTROL SYSTEM OF THE STATCOM

Vector Representation and Transformation of Instantaneous Three-Phase Quantities

Power Control Module

Unbalanced Voltage Control Module

Inverter Control Modules

12.4.3 SIMULATION RESULTS

12.4.4 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

12.4.5 SUMMARY

FURTHER READING

Index

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