Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography 2nd Edition by WJ Emery, Richard E Thomson ISBN 0444507574

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ISBN 10: 0444507574
ISBN 13: 
Author: WJ Emery, Richard E Thomson

Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography is a practical reference
guide to established and modern data analysis techniques in earth and ocean
sciences. This second and revised edition is even more comprehensive with numerous updates, and an additional appendix on ‘Convolution and Fourier transforms’. Intended for both students and established scientists, the five major chapters of the book cover data acquisition and recording, data processing and presentation, statistical methods and error handling, analysis of spatial data fields, and time series analysis methods. Chapter 5
on time series analysis is a book in itself, spanning a wide diversity of topics from stochastic processes and stationarity, coherence functions,
Fourier analysis, tidal harmonic analysis, spectral and cross-spectral analysis, wavelet and other related methods for processing nonstationary data series, digital filters, and fractals. The seven appendices include unit conversions, approximation methods and nondimensional numbers used in geophysical fluid dynamics, presentations on convolution, statistical terminology, and distribution functions, and a number of important statistical tables. Twenty pages are devoted to references.

Data Analysis Methods in Physical Oceanography 2nd Table of contents:

Data Acquisition and Recording
Introduction
Basic Sampling Requirements
Sampling Interval
Sampling Duration
Sampling Accuracy
Burst Sampling Versus Continuous Sampling
Regularly Versus Irregularly Sampled Data
Independent Realizations
Temperature
Mercury Thermometers
The Mechanical Bathythermograph (MBT)
Resistance Thermometers (Expendable Bathythermograph: XBT)
Salinity/Conductivity-Temperature-Depth Profilers
Dynamic Response of Temperature Sensors
Response Times of CTD Systems
Temperature Calibration of STD/CTD Profilers
Sea Surface Temperature
Ship Measurements
Satellite-Sensed Sea Surface Temperature (Radiation Temperature)
The Modern Digital Thermometer
Potential Temperature and Density
Salinity
Salinity and Electrical Conductivity
A Comparison of Two Modern CTDs
The Practical Salinity Scale
Nonconductive Methods
Depth of Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Free-Fall Velocity
Echo Sounding
Height above the Bottom
Other Depth Sounding Methods
Laser Induced Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)
Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
Satellite Altimetry
Sea-Level Measurement
Specifics of Sea-Level Variability
Tide and Pressure Gauges
Satellite Altimetry
Inverted Echo Sounder (IES)
Wave Height and Direction
Eulerian Currents
Early Current Meter Technology
Rotor-Type Current Meters
The RCM Series of Current Meters
The Vector Averaging Current Meter (VACM)
Problems with the Savonious Rotor
Vector Measuring Current Meter (VMCM)
Nonmechanical Current Meters
Acoustic Current Meters (ACM)
Electromagnetic Current Meters (ECM)
Profiling Acoustic Doppler Current Meters (ADCM)
Acoustic Backscatter
Comparisons of Current Meters
Electromagnetic Methods
Other Methods of Current Measurement
Mooring Logistics
Acoustic Releases
Lagrangian Current Measurements
Drift Cards and Bottles
Modern Drifters
Processing Satellite-Tracked Drifter Data
Drifter Response
Other Types of Surface Drifters
Subsurface Floats
Surface Displacements in Satellite Imagery
Wind
Precipitation
Chemical Tracers
Conventional Tracers
Temperature and Salinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Nutrients
Silicate
Light Attenuation and Scattering
Oxygen Isotope: Gamma18O
Helium-3; Helium/Heat Ratio
Transient Chemical Tracers
Tritium
Radiocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons
Radon-222
Sulfur Hexafluoride
Strontium-90
Data Processing and Presentation
Introduction
Calibration
Interpolation
Data Presentation
Introduction
Vertical Profiles
Vertical Sections
Horizontal Maps
Map Projections
Characteristic or Property Versus Property Diagrams
Time-Series Presentation
Histograms
New Directions in Graphical Presentation
Statistical Methods and Error Handling
Introduction
Sample Distributions
Probability
Cumulative Probability Functions
Moments and Expected Values
Unbiased Estimators and Moments
Moment Generating Functions
Common Probability Density Functions
Central Limit Theorem
Estimation
Confidence Intervals
Confidence Interval for mu (Sigma known)
Confidence Interval for Mu (Sigma Unknown)
Confidence Interval for Sigma2
Goodness-of-Fit Test
Selecting the Sample Size
Confidence Intervals for Altimeter Bias Estimates
Estimation Methods
Minimum Variance Unbiased Estimation
Method of Moments
Maximum Likelihood
Linear Estimation (Regression)
Method of Least Squares
Standard Error of the Estimate
Multivariate Regression
A Computational Example of Matrix Regression
Polynomial Curve Fitting with Least Squares
Relationship between Least-Squares and Maximum Likelihood
Relationship between Regression and Correlation
The Effects of Random Errors on Correlation
The Maximum Likelihood Correlation Estimator
Correlation and Regression: Cause and Effect
Hypothesis Testing
Significance Levels and Confidence Intervals for Correlation
Analysis of Variance and the F-Distribution
Effective Degrees of Freedom
Trend Estimates and the Integral Time Scale
Editing and Despiking Techniques: The Nature of Errors
Identifying and Removing Errors
Propagation of Error
Dealing with Numbers: The Statistics of Roundoff
Gauss-Markov Theorem
Interpolation: Filling the Data Gaps
Equally and Unequally Spaced Data
Interpolation Methods
Linear Interpolation
Polynomial Interpolation
Lagrange’s Method
Spline Interpolation
Interpolating Gappy Records: Practical Examples
Interpolating Gappy Records for Time-Series Analysis
Interpolating Satellite-Tracked Positional Data
Interpolation Records from Nearby Stations
Covariance and the Covariance Matrix
Covariance and Structure Functions
A Computational Example
Multivariate Distributions
The Bootstrap and Jackknife Methods
Bootstrap Method
Jackknife Method
The Spatial Analyses of Data Fields
Traditional Block and Bulk Averaging
Objective Analysis
Objective Mapping: Examples
Empirical Orthogonal Functions
Principal Axes of a Single Vector Time Series (Scatter Plot)
EOF Computation using the Scatter Matrix Method
EOF Computation using Singular Value Decomposition
An Example: Deep Currents Near a Mid-Ocean Ridge
Interpretation of EOFs
Variations on Conventional EOF Analysis
Normal Mode Analysis
Vertical Normal Modes
An Example: Normal Modes of Semidiurnal Frequency
Coastal-Trapped Waves (CTWs)
Inverse Methods
General Inverse Theory
Inverse Theory and Absolute Currents
The Beta Spiral Method
Wunsch’s Method
The IWEX Internal Wave Problem
Summary of Inverse Methods
Time-Series Analysis Methods
Basic Concepts
Stochastic Processes and Stationarity
Correlation Functions
Fourier Analysis
Mathematical Formulation
Discrete Time Series
A Computational Example
Fourier Analysis for Specified Frequencies
The Fast Fourier Transform
Harmonic Analysis
A Least-Squares Method
A Computational Example
Harmonic Analysis of Tides
Choice of Constituents
A Computational Example for Tides
Complex Demodulation
Spectral Analysis
Spectra of Deterministic and Stochastic Processes
Spectra of Discrete Series
Conventional Spectral Methods
The Autocorrelation Method
The Periodogram Method
The Power Spectral Density for Periodic Data
Variance-Preserving Spectra
The Chi-Squared Property of Spectral Estimators
Spectra of Vector Series
Cartesian Component Rotary Spectra
Rotary Component Spectra
Rotary Spectra (Via Cartesian Components)
Effect of Sampling on Spectral Estimates
Effect of Finite Record Length
Aliasing
Nyquist Frequency Sampling
Frequency Resolution
Smoothing Spectral Estimates (Windowing)
Desired Window Qualities
Rectangular (Box-Car) and Triangular Windows
Hanning and Hamming Windows (50% Overlap)
Kaiser-Bessel Window (75% Overlap)
Smoothing Spectra in the Frequency Domain
Band Averaging
Block Averaging
Confidence Intervals on Spectra
Confidence Intervals on a Logarithmic Scale
Fidelity and Stability
Zero-Padding and Prewhitening
Spectral Analysis of Unevenly Spaced Time Series
General Spectral Bandwidth and Q of the System
Summary of the Standard Spectral Analysis Approach
Spectral Analysis (Parametric Methods)
Some Basic Concepts
Autoregressive Power Spectral Estimation
Autoregressive Parameter Estimation
Order of the Autoregressive Process
Maximum Entropy Method (MEM)
An Autoregressive Model of Global Temperatures
Maximum Likelihood Spectral Estimation
Cross-Spectral Analysis
Cross-Correlation Functions
Cross-Covariance Method
Fourier Transform Method
Phase and Cross-Amplitude Functions
Coincident and Quadrature Spectra
Relationship of Co- and Quad-Spectra to Cross-Covariance
Coherence Spectrum (Coherency)
Confidence Levels
Frequency Response of a Linear System
Multi-Input Systems Cross-Spectral Analysis
Rotary Cross-Spectral Analysis
Rotary Analysis for a Pair of Time Series
Wavelet Analysis
The Wavelet Transform
Wavelet Algorithms
Oceanographic Examples
The S-Transformation
The Multiple Filter Technique
Theoretical Considerations
Digital Filters
Introduction
Basic Concepts
Ideal Filters
Bandwidth
Gibbs’ Phenomenon
Recoloring
Design of Oceanographic Filters
Frequency Versus Time Domain Filtering
Filter Cascades
Running-Mean Filters
Godin-Type Filters
Lanczos-Window Cosine Filters
Cosine Filters
The Lanczos Window
Practical Filter Design
The Hanning (Von Hann) Window
Butterworth Filters
High-Pass and Band-Pass Filters
Digital Formulation
Tangent Versus Sine Filters
Filter Design
Filter Coefficients
Frequency-Domain (Transform) Filtering
Truncation Effects
Fractals
The Scaling Exponent Method
The Yardstick Method
Box Counting Method
Correlation Dimension
Dimensions of Multifractal Functions

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WJ Emery,Richard E Thomson,Data Analysis,Physical Oceanography