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Concepts In Syngas Manufacture 1st Edition by Jens Rostrup Nielsen, Lars J Christiansen ISBN 1848165676 9781848165670

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Concepts In Syngas Manufacture 1st Edition Jens Rostrup-Nielsen Digital Instant Download

Author(s): Jens Rostrup-Nielsen, Lars J. Christiansen
ISBN(s): 9781848165670, 1848165676
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 10.49 MB
Year: 2011
Language: english
SKU: EB-5242682 Category: Tags: ,

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ISBN 10: 1848165676
ISBN 13: 9781848165670
Author: Jens Rostrup Nielsen, Lars J Christiansen

This book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems.

Concepts In Syngas Manufacture 1st Table of contents:

Part I: Basic Principles

1. Routes to Syngas

  • 1.1 General trends

    • 1.1.1 Towards focus and sustainability

    • 1.1.2 Direct or indirect conversion

  • 1.2 Manufacture by steam reforming of hydrocarbons

    • 1.2.1 Reactions and thermodynamics

    • 1.2.2 Product gas composition

    • 1.2.3 Thermodynamics of higher hydrocarbons

    • 1.2.4 The tubular reformer

    • 1.2.5 Carbon formation. Higher hydrocarbons

    • 1.2.6 Non-tubular reforming

  • 1.3 Other manufacture routes

    • 1.3.1 Partial oxidation

    • 1.3.2 Autothermal reforming

    • 1.3.3 Catalytic partial oxidation

    • 1.3.4 Air-blown technologies and membranes

    • 1.3.5 Choice of technology

  • 1.4 Other feedstocks

    • 1.4.1 Alcohols, oxygenates

    • 1.4.2 Coal, gasification

    • 1.4.3 Biomass

  • 1.5 Gas treatment

    • 1.5.1 Purification

    • 1.5.2 Water gas shift

    • 1.5.3 Acid gas removal

2. Syngas Applications

  • 2.1 Thermodynamic framework for syngas processes

    • 2.1.1 Syngas properties

    • 2.1.2 Synthesis process properties

    • 2.1.3 Process analysis

  • 2.2 Hydrogen

    • 2.2.1 Routes to hydrogen

    • 2.2.2 Hydrogen by steam reforming of hydrocarbons

    • 2.2.3 The steam export problem

    • 2.2.4 Membrane reforming

    • 2.2.5 Hydrogen via catalytic partial oxidation (CPO)

  • 2.3 Fuel cells

    • 2.3.1 Fuel processing system

    • 2.3.2 Internal reforming

    • 2.3.3 Process schemes for SOFC

  • 2.4 CO rich gases

    • 2.4.1 Town gas

    • 2.4.2 Oxogas

    • 2.4.3 Reducing gas

  • 2.5 Ammonia

  • 2.6 Methanol and synfuels

    • 2.6.1 Methanol as intermediate

    • 2.6.2 Methanol plant

    • 2.6.3 Methanol via gasification

    • 2.6.4 Combined syntheses and co-production

    • 2.6.5 Fischer–Tropsch synthesis

    • 2.6.6 SNG

  • 2.7 Chemical recuperation

Part II: Steam Reforming Technology

3. Technology of Steam Reforming

  • 3.1 Early developments

  • 3.2 Steam reforming reactors

    • 3.2.1 Role of catalyst

    • 3.2.2 The tubular reformer

    • 3.2.3 Scale-up of steam reforming technology

    • 3.2.4 Plant measurements

    • 3.2.5 Reformer temperature measurements

  • 3.3 Modelling of steam reforming reactors

    • 3.3.1 Two-dimensional reactor model

    • 3.3.2 Heat transfer in the two-dimensional model

    • 3.3.3 Heat transfer parameters in syngas units

    • 3.3.4 Pressure drop

    • 3.3.5 Convective reformers

    • 3.3.6 Tubular reformer furnace chamber

    • 3.3.7 Tubular reforming limits of operation

    • 3.3.8 Micro-scale steam reforming reactors

  • 3.4 Modelling of the catalyst particle

    • 3.4.1 Catalyst particle model

    • 3.4.2 Effective diffusion coefficients

    • 3.4.3 Simulation of a hydrogen plant reformer

  • 3.5 Reaction kinetics

    • 3.5.1 Industrial rates and the scale-down problem

    • 3.5.2 Intrinsic kinetics. Steam reforming of methane

    • 3.5.3 Steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons

    • 3.5.4 CO reforming

4. Catalyst Properties and Activity

  • 4.1 Catalyst structure and stability

    • 4.1.1 Reactions with the support

    • 4.1.2 Activation and nickel surface area

  • 4.2 Nickel surface area

    • 4.2.1 Measurement of nickel surface area

    • 4.2.2 Nickel surface area and catalyst preparation

    • 4.2.3 Sintering

  • 4.3 Catalyst activity

    • 4.3.1 Group VIII metals

    • 4.3.2 Non-metal catalysts

    • 4.3.3 Thermal reactions – catalytic steam cracking

5. Carbon and Sulphur

  • 5.1 Secondary phenomena

  • 5.2 Carbon formation

    • 5.2.1 Routes to carbon

    • 5.2.2 Carbon from reversible reactions

    • 5.2.3 Principle of equilibrated gas

    • 5.2.4 Principle of actual gas and steady-state equilibrium

  • 5.3 Steam reforming of higher hydrocarbons

    • 5.3.1 Whisker carbon in tubular reformer

    • 5.3.2 Catalyst promotion

    • 5.3.3 “Gum formation” in prereformers

    • 5.3.4 Carbon from pyrolysis

    • 5.3.5 Regeneration of coked catalyst

  • 5.4 Sulphur poisoning of reforming reactions

    • 5.4.1 Chemisorption of hydrogen sulphide

    • 5.4.2 Chemisorption equilibrium

    • 5.4.3 Dynamics of sulphur poisoning

    • 5.4.4 Regeneration for sulphur

    • 5.4.5 Impact of sulphur on reforming reactions

  • 5.5 Sulphur passivated reforming

  • 5.6 Other poisons

6. Catalysis of Steam Reforming

  • 6.1 Historical perspective

  • 6.2 The role of step sites

  • 6.3 Geometric or electronic effects

  • 6.4 Metal activity. Micro-kinetics

  • 6.5 The parallel approach

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