Communication Yearbook 7 1st edition by Robert Bostrom 9780415876827 0415876826

Part I. Communication Reviews and Commentaries

1. the Supreme Court and the First Amendment

Method

Findings

Discussion

Appendix: List of Cases

Note

References

2. Comparative Chronemics and International Communication: American and Iranian Perspectives on Time

The Hostages and Time

Time in the United States

Time in Iran

Time in Islam

Conclusion

References

3. Predicting Couples’ Communication from Couples’ Self-Reports

Communication and Marital Adjustment

A Typological Approach to Marital Interaction

The Basic Dimensions

The Basic Definitions

The Relational Types: Comparison of Husband and Wife Perspectives

Demographics

The Validation of the Typology

Self-Reports of Communication and Relational Attributes

Couple Types and Communication

Complementarity and Symmetry in Marital Interaction

Avoidance, Cooperation, and Competition in Marital Interaction

Nonverbal Affect in Conflict Interactions

Casual Interaction

Rigidity and Flexibility in Marital Interaction

Conclusion

Notes

References

4. Belief Processing, Reasoning, and Evidence

Definitional Issues

Research on Reasoning and Logic

“Atmosphere Effect” Research

The Rationalist School

Reasoning as a Learned Drive

Natural Logic and Language

Information-Processing Models

Summary

Research on Evidence

Effects Of Evidence

Evaluation of Evidence and Messages

Selection of Evidence

The Predominant Research Paradigm

Logic and Reasoning

Evidence

Putting the Two Areas Together: New Research Directions

Notes

References

5. Compliance-Gaining and Power in Persuasion

General Research Approaches

Of Typologies and Taxonomies

Compliance-Gaining Concepts

Conceptualization of Compliance-Gaining

Exclusions

Conceptualization of Compliance-Gaining Behaviors

Index of Common Techniques

Power, Persuasion, and Compliance-Gaining

Power and Persuasion

Bases of Power

Power and Compliance-Gaining

Personal Factors and Compliance-Gaining Behavior

Personality and Individual Factors

Locus of Control

Situations, Contexts, and Compliance-Gaining Behavior

Conclusions

References

6. Fitting Equations with Power Transformations: Examining Variables with Error

Transformations in General

Homoscedasticity and Normality

Importance of Homoscedasticity and Normality

Ways to Examine Normality and Homoscedasticity

Creating Homoscedasticity and Normality

Classification of Transformations

Box-Cox Single Bend Transformations

Analysis of Box-Cox Transformations

B-C Computer Program

Artificial Data

Bivariate Equations: Transform Y

Bivariate Equations: Transform Y and X

Conclusions from Artificial Data

Empirical Data

Special Discussion

Transformation of Multiexogenous Variables in the Single Equation

Simultaneous Equation Systems

Summary

Notes

References

7. Communication Research and the New Media Technologies

On the Personal Qualities of Mass Media Technologies

The “Social Presence” of a Communication Medium

“Personalness,” Uses and Gratifications, and Other Attitudinal Dimensions

Two Research Opportunities

Organizational or Group Considerations

The Impact of New Media on Organizations

The Issue of Productivity

The Public Dimension

The Information Society and Media Organizations

Social Diffusion of New Technologies

Uses by Other Public Institutions

Implications and Propositions

References

8. When Cancer Patients Fail to Get Well: Flaws in Health Communication

Information Needs of Patients

The Role of Information in Coping with Stressful Medical Events

The Role of Information Reconsidered

Some New Directions

Notes

References

9. New Directions in Negotiation Research

Understanding Negotiation Contexts

Interactional Forms in Negotiation

Argument

Information Management

Relational Development

Discussion

Negotiation Contexts

Interrelationship of Communicative Forms

Research Example

References

Part II. Information Systems

10. Analysis of Interaction Data

Markov Chain Statistics in Interaction Analysis

Repeated Measures Multiple Regression (RMMR)

Method

Comparison I

Data

Results of Comparison I

Comparison II

Discussion

Appendix: Information Theory Statistics and Markov Formulas

Computations of H and Stereotopy

Order of Markovity

Computations for the Anderson and Goodman Test for Stationarity

Computation of z Scores

Notes

References

11. Nonstationarity in Children’s Attention to Television

Similarities in Previous Research

Research Questions

Methodology

Samples

Measurement

Statistical Analyses

Results

Discussion

Notes

References

12. Respondent Self-Concept and Responses to Scaling Tasks

Metric Multidimensional Scaling of the Self

Aspects of Self

The “Me” as MMDS Respondent

Location of “Me” in an MMDS Space

Resolution of Individual Differences in MMDS Metrics Between “Me”s

Reliability of Dissimilarity Judgments Made by “Me”

The “I” as MMDS Respondent

Location of“I” in an MMDS Space

The Perspective of “I”

Resolution of Individual Differences in MMDS Metrics Between “I”s

Identification of Concepts Viewed From “Me” and “I” Perspectives

Selection of an Appropriate Individual Conversion Factor

Conversion of the Aggregate Mean Dissimilarities Matrix

Utilization of the Scale

Theoretical Implications and Discussion

References

Part III. Interpersonal Communication

13. To Ask or Not to Ask: Is That a Question?

Method

Participants

Procedure

Manipulations

Interaction Indices

Postinteraction Protocols

Results

Manipulation Checks

Analysis of Question Content

Question Structure

Interaction Structure

Verbal Reports of Question-Asking Strategies

Judges’ Assessments of Interactions

Discussion

References

14. Noncontent Speech Convergence and Divergence in Adult-Child Interactions

Noncontent Speech Adjustments in Adult-Adult Interactions

A Developmental Perspective

The Ontogenesis of Speech Convergence

Interactions Between Adults and Preverbal Children

Interactions Between Adults and Verbal Children

Hypotheses

Method

Subjects and Procedure

Noncontent Speech Behaviors

Data Analysis

Results

Speech Behavior Reliabilities

Autoregressive Orders

Pooled Data: Minute Units

Turn Data

Discussion

Substantive Conclusions

Suggestive Conclusions

Future Research

Notes

References

15. the Acquaintance Process as Relational Communication

Review of the Literature

Disclosure and the Relational Acquaintance Process

Self-Disclosure and the Sex Composition of Dyads

Methods

The Acquaintance Exercise

Participants

Procedures

Disclosure Measures

Statistical Analyses

Results

Development of Intimacy over Time

Discussion

Male-Female Dyads

Female-Female Dyads

Male-Male Dyads

Future Research

Notes

References Prosanta

16. Communication and Conflict in Marriage

Methods

Data Collection

Questionnaires

Coding Procedures

Results

Group Differences in Satisfaction

Group Differences in Communication Patterns

Discussion

Notes

References

Part IV. Mass Communication

17. Corporate Planning and Media Culture

The Entertainment Conglomerates

The Public Relations Industry

Toward Future Research

References

18. Politics and Cable Television: the Case of Houston, Texas

Cable Television Franchising: What it Is and How It Is

Efforts to Establish Houston Cable Television Franchises

The Initial Franchise

Renewed Cable Efforts

Trials and Tribulations of Houston Cable Television

Cable Franchising Under Criticism

The Lalor Report

The Houston Cable Trial

Postscript

Comments

Note

References

19. Determining Television Advertising Rates

Method

Analysis

Conclusions

References

20. the Federal Trade Commission and the Control of Deceptive Advertising

The Formative Decades: 1890-1931

Maturity: the Thirties Through the Sixties

The Agency Renewed

Epilogue

Notes

References

Part V. Organizational Communication

21. A Conversational Analysis of Alignment Talk in Job Interviews

Speech Communication and the Employment Interview

Method

Procedure

Categories of Aligning Actions

Results

Discussion

Implications

Notes

References

22. Dimensions of Organizational Conflict: A Functional Analysis of Communication Tactics

Problem

Method

Initial Generation of Tactic Statements

Assessment of Communication Functions in Tactics

Reliability Verification of Conflict Tactics

Results

Discussion

Notes

References

23. Communication in Women’s Career Development Relationships

Background

Career Development Relationships and Advancement

Career Development Relationships and Supportiveness

Career Development Relationships and Upward Influence

Rationale

Research Questions

Methods and Procedures

Participants

Variables

Design and Statistical Analysis

Results

Research Question 1

Research Question 2

Research Question 3

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusions

Notes

References

Part VI. Intercultural and International Communication

24. the “Brain Drain” and International Communication

The Meaning of “Brain Drain”

Review

Methodology

Data Analysis and Results

Multivariate Analyses

Discriminant Analysis

Implications for New Information Order

References

25. Social Network Patterns of Five Ethnic Groups in Hawaii

Theory

Research Design and Methodology

Sample Selection

Measurement

Results

Discussion

References

26. Social Penetration in Japanese and American Close Friendships

Review of the Literature

Methodology

Subjects

Measurement of Social Penetration

Results

Social Penetration Analysis

Frequency Analysis

Intimacy Analysis

Correlations Between Frequency and Intimacy

Discriminant Analysis

Discussion

Conclusion

Notes

References

Part VII. Political Communication

27. Local Voting Decisions and the Flow of Campaign Information

The Media and Local Elections

Audience Information Sources and Local Elections

The Influence of Information on Vote Choice

Expectations and Rationale

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Note

References

28. the Knowledge-Gap Hypothesis and Media Dependency

Literature Review

Comparison of Characteristic Features of Television News and Newspapers

Levels of Knowledge and Media Dependency

Knowledge Retention and Media Dependency

Hypotheses

Methodology

Results

Summary and Discussion

Notes

References

29. TV News and Adolescent Political Socialization

Adult Versus Youth Socialization

Audience Orientation

Motivation

Involvement

Attention

Comprehension

Television News Exposure

Knowledge

Agenda

Opinion Holding

Method

Results

Bivariate Analyses

Multivariate Analyses

Discussion

News Impact

The Role of Audience Orientation

Notes

References

Part VIII. Instructional Communication

30. Systematic Modification of Teacher Behavior

Teacher Communicative Style

Teacher Behavior

Teacher Effectiveness

Teacher Training

Rationale and Research Questions

Methods

Results

Teacher 1

Teacher 2

Teacher 3

Teacher 4

Teacher 5

Discussion

Implications for Teacher Training

Limitations and Suggestions for Future Research

Summary

Note

References

31. Developing a Communicative Competence Scale

A Definition of Communicative Competence

Approaches to Measuring Competence

The Measurement of Communicative Competence

Teachers as Informants

Components of Communicative Competence

An Empirical Study

Subjects

Data Collection

Communicative Competence Measure

Units of Analysis

Statistical Analyses

Results

Discussion

Limitations

Directions for Future Research

Notes

References

32. Fantasy, Gossip, and Self-Disclosure: Children’s Conversations with Friends

Early School Years

Middle School Years

Later School Years

Hypotheses

Method

Subjects

Procedure

Coding

Reliability

Data Transformations

Results and Discussion

Fantasy and Activity Talk

Gossip and Low-Intimacy Disclosure

High-Intimacy Disclosure

Miscellaneous Talk

Conclusion

References

Part IX. Health Communication

33. Job Burnout from a Communication Perspective

Theoretic Framework and Hypotheses

Linear Force Aggregation Theory (LFAT)

Social Structure

Method

Measurement of Variables

Analyses

Results

Descriptive Analyses

Hypotheses

Discussion and Implications

References

34. Levels of Exchange and Organizational Communication

Background

Variables

Hypotheses

Method

Sample

Participating Organizations

Survey Instrument

Procedure

Results

Conclusions

Note

References

35. Compliance, Satisfaction, and Physician-Patient Communication

Review

Communication Strategies and Tactics

Summary and Hypotheses

Method

Results2

Discussion

Notes

References

Part X. Human Communication Technology

36. You Say You Want a Revolution? “Information Technology” in Organizations

Method

Information Technology as a Cultural Category

Linking Premises

Speeding Up Organizational Life

Revolution

Skeptics and Oldtimers

The Information Technology Future

Semantic Dimensions of Information Technology

Metaphors for Information Technology

Information Technology as Magic

Information Technology as a Toy

Information Technology as a Moving Object

Conclusion

Notes

References

37. Implications of Interactive Cable Systems: Reduced Consumer Contact

Method

Subjects

Procedure

Results

Discussion

Note

References

38. Computer Conferences: Success or Failure?

What is a Computer Conference?

Task and Emotional Functions

Successful Versus Nonsuccessful CCs

Method

How People Feel about CCs— the Emotional Dimension

Implications of a Print-Based Medium

Communication Skills—The Literacy Gap

Technical Problems and User Frustration

Learning “Computer Skills”—Comfort and Limitations

Aloneness

Does the Computer Change the Quality of Communication?

Feedback

The Time-Space Dimension

Interpersonal Relations

Overt Sociability

Humor

What about Expressing Disagreement?

Anonymity

Equality and Leadership

Computer Conferences and Group Development

Conclusion

A Word About the Societal Level

Thoughts for the Future

Note

References

Part XI. Philosophy of Communication

39. A Radical Humanist Perspective for Mass Communication Inquiry

Notes

References

40. Storifying as Time-Traveling: the Knowledgeable Use of Temporally Structured Discourse

Review of Storytelling Behavior

Story-as-Artifact

Story as Contrived Text

Storytelling as a Sequentially Organized Achievement

Stories in Speech Communication Research

Story-as-Dramaturgy

Story Receipts and Story Sequencing

Storifying as Time-Traveling

Storyifying as a Collaborative Gloss

Functional Status of Past, Present, and Future

Constructing a Time-Traveling Model

Open versus Constrained Space

Accounting for Time-Travel in Specific Episodes

Conclusion: Toward a Typology of Time-Traveling Rules