Climatology Fourth Edition by Robert V Rohli,Anthony J Vega ISBN 128411998X 978-1284119985
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ISBN 10: 128411998X
ISBN 13: 978-1284119985
Author: Robert V Rohli,Anthony J Vega
Welcome to the exciting journey of learning about one of the most widely discussed sciences. Praised for its detail and accuracy, Climatology continues to lead as the most comprehensive presentation of our dynamic climate system. The Fourth Edition features a completely revised, full-color art program that enhances clarity and gradation of all maps, climographs, and images to help readers better understand the diversity of climate within varying climate types. The text appeals to all students, as it covers the basics of atmospheric science in the early chapters and provides the breadth and depth of topics to challenge the more experienced reader. Climatology, Fourth Edition aims to improve students’ communication skills, encourage critical-thinking, and invoke a sense of social responsibility, making it the clear choice in this rapidly developing science.
Table of contents:
PART 1 The Basics
Chapter 1 Introduction to Climatology
Meteorology and Climatology
Scales in Climatology
Subfields of Climatology
Climatic Records and Statistics
Summary
Chapter 2 Atmospheric Structure and Composition
Origin of the Earth and Atmosphere
Atmospheric Composition
Carbon Cycle
Constant and Variable Gases
Faint Young Sun Paradox
Atmospheric Structure
Summary
PART 2 Climatological Processes
Chapter 3 Controls on the Climate System
Latitude
Earth–Sun Relationships
Revolution
Rotation
Axial Tilt and Parallelism
Combined Effect of Revolution, Rotation, and Tilt
Distance to Large Bodies of Water
Circulation
Pressure
Wind
Surface Versus Upper-Level Winds
Vertical Motion
Cyclones and Anticyclones
Oceanic Circulation
Topography
Local Features
Putting It All Together: Spatial and Seasonal Variations in Energy
Summary
Chapter 4 Atmospheric Interactions with the Other “Spheres”
Ocean Circulation
Surface Currents
Deep Ocean Thermohaline Circulations
El Niño–Southern Oscillation Events
Walker Circulation
Historical Observations of ENSO
El Niño Characteristics
La Niña Characteristics
Global Effects
Effects in the United States
Relationship to Global Warming
Climatic Feedbacks in the Ocean
Volcanic Activity and Climate
General Effects
Aerosol Indices
Deforestation and Desertification
Cryospheric Changes
Ice on the Earth’s Surface
Feedbacks in the Cryosphere
Summary
Chapter 5 Energy, Matter, and Momentum Exchanges near the Surface
Properties of the Troposphere
Near-Surface Troposphere
Energy in the Climate System
Sun as Energy Source
Measuring Radiant Energy
Radiation Balance
Turbulent Fluxes
Substrate Heat Flux
Energy Balance
Local Flux of Matter: Moisture in the Local Atmosphere
Atmospheric Moisture
Moisture in the Surface Boundary Layer
Measuring Evapotranspiration
Atmospheric Statics, the Hydrostatic Equation, and Stability
Statics and the Hydrostatic Equation
Atmospheric Stability
Assessing Stability in the Local Atmosphere
Momentum Flux
Putting It All Together: Thermal and Mechanical Turbulence and the Richardson Number
Summary
Chapter 6 Global Hydrologic Cycle and Surface Water Balance
Global Hydrologic Cycle
Surface Water Balance
Potential Evapotranspiration
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Soil Moisture Storage
Deficit
Surplus and Runoff
Putting It All Together: A Worked Example of the Surface Water Balance
Types of Surface Water Balance Models
Water Balance Diagrams
Drought Indices
Summary
Chapter 7 General Circulation and Secondary Circulations
Circulation of a Nonrotating Earth
Idealized General Circulation on a Rotating Planet
Hadley Cells
Polar Cells
Planetary Wind Systems
Modifications to the Idealized General Circulation: Observed Surface Patterns
Land–Water Contrasts
Locations and Strength of Features in the Hadley Cells
Locations and Strength of Features in the Polar Cells
Locations and Strength of Surface Midlatitude Features
Putting It All Together: Surface Pressure Patterns and Impacts
Modifications to the Idealized General Circulation: Upper-Level Airflow and Secondary Circulations
Vorticity
Constant Absolute Vorticity Trajectory
Flow Over Mountainous Terrain
Baroclinicity
Rossby Wave Divergence and Convergence
Rossby Wave Diffluence and Confluence
Polar Front Jet Stream
Mean Patterns of Rossby Wave Flow
Summary
PART 3 Climates Across Space
Chapter 8 Climatic Classification
Early Attempts at Global Climatic Classification
Classical Age of Climatic Classifications
Modified Köppen Climatic Classification System
Thornthwaite Climatic Classification System
Other Global Classification Systems
Genetic Classifications
Air Masses and Fronts
Classification of Fronts
Local and Regional Classifications
Quantitative Analysis to Derive Climatic Types
Eigenvector Analysis
Cluster Analysis
Hybrid Techniques
Summary
Chapter 9 Extratropical Northern Hemisphere Climates
Climatic Setting of North America
General Characteristics
Severe Weather
Role of the Gulf of Mexico and the Low-Level Jet
Effect of Mountain Ranges
Effect of the Great Lakes
Ocean Currents and Land–Water Contrast
Climatic Setting of Europe
General Characteristics
Effect of Ocean Currents
Effect of Mountain Ranges
Blocking Anticyclones
Climatic Setting of Asia
General Characteristics
Monsoonal Effects
Effect of Mountain Ranges
Effect of Coastal Zones on Climate
Regional Climatology
B—Arid Climates
C—Mesothermal Climates
D—Microthermal Midlatitude Climates
E—Polar Climates
H—Highland Climates
Summary
Chapter 10 Tropical and Southern Hemisphere Climates
Contrasts Between Extratropical and Tropical Atmospheric Behavior
Contrasts Between Northern and Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Behavior
Climatic Setting of Africa
General Characteristics
Intertropical Convergence Zone
Air Mass and General Circulation Influences
Indian Ocean Dipole
Climatic Setting of Australia and Oceania
General Characteristics
El Niño–Southern Oscillation Influences
South Pacific Convergence Zone
Madden-Julian Oscillation
Quasi-Biennial Oscillation
Climatic Setting of Latin America
ENSO Contributions
Climatic Setting of Antarctica
Regional Climates
A—Tropical Climates
B—Arid Climates
C—Mesothermal Climates
E—Polar Climates
H—Highland Climates
Summary
PART 4 Climates Through Time
Chapter 11 Climatic Change and Variability: A Paleoclimatic Overview
Climatic Changes in Geological History
Temperature
Ice Ages and Sea Level
Recent Trends
How Do We Know What We Know About Past Climatic Changes?
Basic Principles
Radiometric Dating
Lithospheric and Cryospheric Evidence
Biological Evidence
Historical Data
Converging Proxy Evidence
Natural Causes of Climatic Change and Variability
Continental Drift and Landforms
Milankovitch Cycles
Volcanic Activity
Variations in Solar Output
El Niño–Southern Oscillation Events
Summary
Chapter 12 Modern Climatic Change
Global Warming
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Gases
Urban Heat Island
Direct and Indirect Effects of Global Warming
Global Warming: The Great Debate
Atmospheric Pollution
Global Dimming
Atmospheric Factors Affecting Pollution Concentrations
Air Quality Legislation in the United States
Classifying Air Pollutants
By Response
By Source
Reactions and Attitudes to Climatic Change
Prevention
Mitigation
Adaptation
Continued Research
Summary
Chapter 13 Linking Spatial and Temporal Aspects of Climate Through Quantitative Methods
Computerized Climate Models
Types of GCMs
Representing the Earth–Ocean–Atmosphere System in GCMs
Data for GCMs
Seven Basic Equations
Navier-Stokes Equations of Motion
Thermodynamic Energy Equation
Moisture Conservation Equation
Continuity Equation
Equation of State
Similarities and Differences Between GCMs and Weather Forecasting Models
Limitations of Model Results
Statistical Techniques
Atmospheric Teleconnections
Extratropical Teleconnections in the Pacific: The Pacific Decadal Oscillation
Extratropical Teleconnections in the Atlantic Ocean
Teleconnections over North America
Summary
PART 5 Relationships Between Climate and Other Endeavors
Chapter 14 Applied Climatology, Climate Impacts, and Climatic Data
Climate Impacts
Impacts on Natural Systems
Impacts on Societal Systems
Impacts on Human Health and Comfort
Climate Vulnerability, Adaptability, and Resilience
Climatological Data Sources
Data Collection Agencies
Primary Versus Secondary Data
Secondary Data Sources for Applied Synoptic and Dynamic Climatological Studies
Secondary Sources for Applied Studies of the Climate System
Secondary Sources Well Suited to Studies in Paleoclimatology and Climate Change
Secondary Sources Well Suited to Studies in Physical Climatology
Summary
Chapter 15 Future of Climatology
Relationship Between Climatology and Meteorology
Interdisciplinary Work with Other Scientists
Interaction Between Climate Scientists and Nonscientific Professionals
Improved Atmospheric Data Availability and Display
Recognition of the Possibility for Rapid Climate Change
Climatology as Part of the Ultimate Goal of Sustainability
Summary
Glossary
Index
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