Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants Environmental and Industrial Applications 1st Edition by Matthew A Tarr ISBN 0824743075 9780824743079

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ISBN 10: 0824743075 
ISBN 13: 9780824743079
Author: Matthew A Tarr

Chemical Degradation Methods for Wastes and Pollutants Environmental and Industrial Applications 1st Table of contents:

1 Ozone-UV Radiation-Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation Technologies
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTALS OF O3/UV/H2O2 PROCESSES
A. General Description
1. Background and Fundamentals
2. Kinetics of Ozonation
3. Ozone Solubility, Rate Constants, and Mass Transfer Coefficients
4. Kinetic Modeling
C. Hydrogen Peroxide Oxidation
D. UV Radiation
1. Background and Fundamentals
2.Kinetics of Photolysis
E. Combined Oxidations: O3/H2O2, UV/H2O2, and O3/UV
1. Background and Fundamentals
2. Chemical Kinetics
3. Kinetic Modeling
III. IN-DEPTH TREATMENT OF O3/UV/H2O2PROCESSES
A. Ozone-Based Processes
B. UV Radiation Based Processes
IV. DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS
A. Laboratory-Scale Experimental Design
B. Examples of Laboratory Studies
1. Phenols
2. Atrazine
3. Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds
4. 1,4-Dioxane
5. Natural Organic Matter and the Bromate Issue
6. Wastewater Treatment
V. SCALE-UP STUDIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS
A. Experimental Design (Scale-Up Studies)
B. Examples of Real Applications
1. Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2. Atrazine and Other s-Triazine Compounds
3. Volatile Organic Compounds
4. Bromate Ion
VI. ECONOMIC ASPECTS
VII. CONCLUSIONS
VIII. NOMENCLATURE
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 Photocatalytic Degradation of Pollutants in Water and Air: Basic Concepts and Applications
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTALS OF THE TECHNIQUE
1. Role of Photonic Excitation, Electron Transfer, and Adsorption
2. Photocatalytic Character of a Reaction
3. Chemical Kinetics and Information on Reaction Mechanisms
4. General Advantages and Disadvantages of Treatments by TiO2
B. In-Depth Treatment of the Technique
1. Roles of O2 and Effects of H2O2 and O3
2. Properties Influencing the TiO2 Photocatalytic Activity
3. Modifications of TiO2
4. Fixing TiO2: Supporting Materials and Depositing Methods
III. DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS
A. Laboratory-Scale Experimental Design
B. Examples
1. Mechanisms
2. Products
3. Interferences
4. Posttreatment
IV. SCALE-UP STUDIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL/INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
A. Powder TiO2 vs. Supported TiO2
B. Examples of Photocatalytic Reactors and Results
1. Water Treatment
2. Air Treatment
V. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
3 Supercritical Water Oxidation Technology
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTALS OF SCWO
A. General Description
B. In-Depth Treatment of SCWO
1. Fluid Characteristics
2. Phase Separations
III. DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS
A. Laboratory-Scale Experimental Design
B. Examples
1. Mechanisms
2. Products from SCWO
3. Interferences
4. Posttreatment
IV. SCALE-UP STUDIES AND ENVIRONMENTAL/ INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
A. Experimental Design
1. Reactor Selection
2. System Operation Procedure
B. Examples of Scale-Up, Environmental Application, and Industrial Application
1. Efficiency
2. Products
3. Interferences
4. Posttreatment
5. Other Practical Considerations and Limitations
V. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
4 Fenton and Modified Fenton Methods for Pollutant Degradation
I. INTRODUCTION
II. FENTON REAGENT MECHANISMS AND KINETICS
A. Fenton Reaction
B. Scavengers
C. Haber-Weiss Reaction
D. Iron Ligands and Coordination
E. Photo-Fenton
F. Ferryl Ion or Other High-Valent Iron Species
G. Other Metals
III. HYDROXYL RADICAL REACTIONS WITH ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
A. General Mechanisms
B. Mechanistic Examples
C. Kinetics
D. Other Important Factors
IV. APPLICATIONS
A. Typical In Situ Applications
B. Iron Minerals as Fenton Catalysts
C. Iron Chelators
D. Photo-Fenton
E. Combined Fenton Biodegradation
F. Examples of In Situ Applications
V. NEW DEVELOPMENTS
A. Complexing Agents to Improve Fenton Selectivity and Efficiency
B. Reductive Degradation
REFERENCES
5 Sonochemical Degradation of Pollutants
I. INTRODUCTION
II. PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
A. Acoustical Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics
B. Cavitation Chemistry as a Series of Processes
C. Effects of Experimental Parameters on Cavitation
1. Ultrasonic Frequency
2. Intensity of the Acoustical Wave
3. Nature of the Background Gas
4. Temperature
5. Nature of the Solvent
6. Reactor Geometry and Operation Conditions
7. Sample Features
III. ULTRASONIC INSTRUMENTATION
A. Some Ultrasonic Basics: Near-Megahertz Sonochemistry
B. Role of Higher Ultrasonic Frequencies in the Scale-Up of Sonochemical Processes
C. Incidental Destructive Effects of Cavitation
D. Absorption of Ultrasound
IV. SONOLYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
C. Pesticides
D. Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE)
E. Surfactants
F. Dyes
G. Combined Techniques
1. Sonolysis/Ozonolysis
2. Sonolysis/Fenton’s Reaction
V. CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
6 Electrochemical Methods for Degradation of Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Media
I. INTRODUCTION
II. CATHODIC REDUCTION
A. Aliphatic and Aromatic Compounds
B. Chlorofluorocarbons
III. ANODIC OXIDATION
A. Fundamentals
C.p-Benzoquinone
D. Human Wastes
E. Other Organic Pollutants
IV. REDOX MEDIATORS
A. Reduction Mediators
B. Oxidation Mediators
V. ANODIC GENERATION OF STRONG OXIDANTS
A. Electrogeneration Reactions for Ex Situ Applications
VI. CATHODIC GENERATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
A. Oxidation of Organics by In Situ Electrogenerated H2O2
B. Electrogenerated Fenton Reagent (EFR)
C. Reticulated Vitreous Carbon (RVC)
D. Oxygen Diffusion Cathode (ODC)
E. Related Processes
VII. METHODS OF PHASE SEPARATION
A. Oils
B. dyes
C. Other Pollutants
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
7 The Electron Beam Process for the Radiolytic Degradation of Pollutants
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND OF THE TECHNIQUE
A. Generating the e-Beam
B. Process Efficiency
C. Formation of Reactive Species
D. Aqueous Electron (e-aq)
E. Hydrogen Atom (H•)
F. Hydroxyl Radical (•OH)
G. Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)
H. Determining Solute Removal Rates
I. Determining the Initial Concentration of Reactive Species
J. Rate Constants for Reaction with Solutes
K. G Values for Solute Removal
III. DEGRADATION OF POLLUTANTS
A. Chloroform and Related Compounds
B. Trichloroethylene (C2HCl3) and Perchloroethylene (C2Cl4)
C. Benzene and Substituted Benzenes
IV. COMPETITION FROM SCAVENGERS
A. pH
B. Carbonate/Bicarbonate Alkalinity
C. Oxygen
D. Nitrate Ion
E. Dissolved Organic Carbon
V. KINETIC MODELING
VI. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE
A. Miami Electron Beam Research Facility
B. Austrian Research Center, Seibersdorf Facility
VII. CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
8 Solvated Electron Reductions: A Versatile Alternative for Waste Remediation
I. INTRODUCTION
II. SOLVATED ELECTRON CHEMISTRY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION: BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTALS
A. General Description
B. Detailed Description of Method
III. TREATMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
A. Laboratory-Scale and Commercial-Scale Set™ Experiments
B. Scale-Up Remediations of Contaminated Substrates
2. Contaminated Surfaces
3. Oils
4.PCBs/Hexachlorobenzene
5. Pesticides
6. Chlorofluorocarbons and Halons
7. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
IV. COMPETING TECHNOLOGIES
V. PRACTICAL ADVANTAGES OF SOLVATED ELECTRON REDUCTIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
9 Permeable Reactive Barriers of Iron and Other Zero-Valent Metals
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Historical Context
B. Scope
1. Permeable Reactive Barriers
2. Reactive Media
C. Other Sources of General Information on ZVI and PRBs
II. CONTAMINANT-REMOVAL PROCESSES
A. Removal by Sequestration
B. Removal by Transformation
2. Dechlorination
4. Other Organic Transformations
III. REACTIVE MEDIA AND THEIR PROPERTIES
A. Iron and Other Corrodable Metals
1. Corrosion Chemistry
B. Bimetallic Combinations
IV. MICROSCALE PROCESSES
A. Reaction at the Surface
1. Basic Kinetic Model
B. Mass Transport to the Surface
V. MACROSCALE PROCESSES
A. Geochemical Gradients and Zones
B. Design and Scaling of Conventional PRBs
1. Steady-State Design Calculations
2. Reactive Transport Modeling
C. Variants and Integrated Technologies
1. Coupling with Natural Attenuation (Microbiological Effects)
2. Other Variations and Modifications
VI. LIST OF SYMBOLS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
10 Enzymatic Treatment of Waters and Wastes
I. INTRODUCTION
II. BACKGROUND AND FUNDAMENTALS OF ENZYMATIC PROCESSES
A. Introduction to Enzymes
B. Advantages and Limitations of Enzyme Applications for Pollutant Transformation
III. POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF ENZYMES
A. Enzymatic Treatment to Improve Waste Quality
2. Pesticides
3. Cyanide Wastes
4. Solid Wastes
B. Enzymatic Treatment for the Production of Value-Added Materials
1. Food Processing Wastes
2. Solid Wastes
IV. BARRIERS TO FULL-SCALE APPLICATION
A. Enzyme Cost and Availability
B. Enzyme Efficiency Under Waste-Treatment Conditions
C. Fate and Disposal of Reaction Products
V. CASE STUDY: TREATMENT OF AROMATIC POLLUTANTS USING PEROXIDASE ENZYMES
A. Candidate Wastes and Enzymes
B. Enzyme Activity and Stability
C. Inactivation Mechanisms
D. Kinetics and Reactor Design
E. Assessment of Reaction Products
F. Wastewater Treatment
G. Commercial Availability of the Enzyme
VI. CONCLUSION

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Tags: Matthew A Tarr, Chemical Degradation, Pollutants Environmental, Industrial