Castable Polyurethane Elastomers 2nd Edition by IR Clemitson ISBN 1498726399 9781498726399

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ISBN 10: 1498726399
ISBN 13: 9781498726399
Author: IR Clemitson

Castable Polyurethane Elastomers 2nd Table of contents:

I Introduction to Polyurethanes
1 Introduction to Polyurethanes
1.1 Background
1.2 History
1.2.1 Timeline
1.2.2 Nomenclature
1.2.3 Nature of Polymer
1.2.4 Applications
Coatings
Adhesives
Sealants
1.2.5 “CASE” Elastomers
Fibers
Millable Polyurethanes
Castable Polyurethane Elastomers
Foams
Latex
Thermoplastic Polyurethanes (TPUs)
2 Chemistry of Polyurethanes
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Background
2.1.2 Basic Reactions of Urethanes
2.1.3 Side Reactions
2.1.4 Polyureas
2.1.5 Water Reactions
2.2 Raw Materials
2.2.1 Polyols
Polyethers
Polyesters
Dibasic Acid Type
Polycaprolactone
Polycarbonate
2.2.2 Diisocyanates
Aromatic Diisocyanates
Aliphatic Diisocyanates
2.2.3 Chain Extenders
Diamines
Hydroxyl Compounds
Monols
Low-Molecular-Weight Diols
Triols
Polyols
2.2.4 Other Chemicals
Fillers
Plasticizers
Moisture Scavengers
Ultraviolet Absorbers
Catalysts
Nanoparticles
2.3 Prepolymers
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 Prepolymer Variants
Unstable Prepolymers
Stable Prepolymers
2.3.3 One-Shot Systems
Single-Step
Quasiprepolymers
2.4 Urea and Urethane Reactions
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Reaction Speed
2.5 Chain Extension
2.5.1 Urea
2.5.2 Urethane
2.5.3 Hydrogen Bonding
2.5.4 Three-Dimensional Cross-Linking
Triols
2.5.5 Catalysts
Reactions with Amines
Reactions with Diols
Reactions with Isocyanates and Diols (NCO-OH)
General
2.6 Degradation
2.6.1 Prepolymers
2.6.2 Polyester Elastomers
References

II Health and Safety
3 Health and Safety
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Rationale
3.1.2 Work Environment
3.1.3 Acute Exposure
3.1.4 Chronic Exposure
3.2 Workplace
3.2.1 Information Sources
Safety Data Sheets
Governments
Suppliers
3.2.2 Signage
3.3 Prepolymer Preparation
3.3.1 Isocyanate
3.3.2 Polyols
Melting Polyols
3.3.3 Prepolymers
Free Isocyanates
3.3.4 Curatives
Amines
Diols
3.3.5 Catalysts
Metallic
Amine
Organic Acids
3.3.6 Other Additives
Plasticizers
Silica
Nanoparticles
Pigments
3.3.7 Solvents
Mold Release
Cleaning Solvents
3.3.8 Heat
Prepolymer/Curative
Molds
Curing Ovens
Products of Combustion
3.4 Engineering
Handling Tools, Materials and Equipment
3.4.1 Gasses
Cylinders
Compressed Gasses
Liquid Nitrogen
3.4.2 Workplace
Electrical
Lifting Gear
Forklifts
Machinery
3.5 Safety Data Sheet Format
References

III Processing
4 Prepolymer Production
4.1 Prepolymers
4.1.1 Ease of Production
4.1.2 Isocyanate Levels
4.1.3 Structure of Polyurethane
4.1.4 Reduction in Final Exotherm
4.1.5 Easier Handling of Components
4.1.6 Final Properties
4.2 Laboratory Preparation
4.2.1 Equipment Drying System
Heating
4.2.2 Reactions
4.2.3 Monitoring Reaction
4.2.4 Prepolymer Storage
4.3 Commercial Preparation
4.3.1 Safety
4.3.2 Raw Material Storage
Chemical Incompatibilities
General
4.3.3 Raw Material Preparation
4.3.4 Reactor
Design
Agitation
Dispensing Ingredients
4.3.5 Nitrogen
4.3.6 Heating/Cooling
4.3.7 Process Control
4.3.8 Vacuum
4.3.9 Discharging Batch
4.3.10 Quality Control and Assurance
4.3.11 Typical Process
4.4 One-Shot System
4.5 Quasiprepolymers
References
5 Processing Fundamentals
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Process Definition
5.1.2 Importance of the Process
5.1.3 Changes in Material Properties Before, During, and After Curing.
5.1.4 Stages of Curing and Factors Affecting Cure
5.2 Introduction to Molding Process
5.3 Health and Safety Concerns during Casting
5.4 Mold Preparation
5.4.1 Molds
5.4.2 Cleaning and Repair
5.4.3 Mold Release
One-Shot Mold Release
Semipermanent
Durable Film
5.4.4 Assembly
5.5 Batch Size Adjustment
5.5.1 Quantity of Polyurethane
5.5.2 Weight Calculations
5.6 Prepolymer
5.6.1 Calculations
%NCO Method
Amine Equivalent Method
5.7 Pigments and Additives
5.8 Curatives
5.9 Degassing
5.10 Mixing and Casting
5.10.1 Premixing
5.10.2 Curatives
5.10.3 Mixing
5.10.4 Casting
Time
Pouring
5.11 Curing and Post Curing
6 Processing
6.1 Molding Methods
6.1.1 Rotational Casting
6.1.2 Centrifugal Casting
6.1.3 Vacuum Casting
6.1.4 Compression Molding
6.1.5 Liquid Injection
6.1.6 Complex Shapes
6.2 Bonding
6.2.1 Precasting Preparation
Cleaning Components
Surface Preparation
6.2.2 Chemical Treatment
6.2.3 Bonding Primer
6.2.4 Casting and Curing of Bonded Prepolymer
6.2.5 Post Casting
Repairs
Bonding to Other Surfaces
6.2.6 General
6.3 Finishing
6.3.1 Differences from Metals
Heating
Memory and Modulus of Polyurethanes
Safety Considerations
6.3.2 Machining Conditions
6.3.3 Painting
6.4 Plasticized Polyurethanes
6.5 Epoxy Polyurethane Blends
6.5.1 Curing Basics
6.5.2 Processing
6.6 Cellular Polyurethane Elastomers
6.6.1 Rationale
6.6.2 Basic Methods
Prepolymer Route
6.6.3 Quasiprepolymer and the One-Shot Route
7 Polyurethane Processing Problems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Observed Problems with Potential Causes
7.3 General Problem Solving
7.3.1 Avoid Forming Air Pockets
7.3.2 Casting Technique
Result
7.3.3 Curative Contamination
Result
7.3.4 Dirty Molds
Result
7.3.5 High Exotherm
Result
7.3.6 Insufficient Cure
Result
7.3.7 Green Strength, Low
Result
7.3.8 Low NCO Level
Result
7.3.9 Mixing. Poor
Result
7.3.10 Off-Ratio
Result
7.3.11 Ratios
7.3.12 Temperature Incorrect
Result
Temperatures
7.4 Mold Design
7.4.1 Use the Right Material and Finish for the Job
Pour Point Position
7.4.2 Demolding Problems
7.4.3 Shrinkage of System
7.5 Bond Failure
7.5.1 Bond Failures at the Metal-to-Primer Interface
7.5.2 Bond Failures at the Polyurethane – Cement Interface

IV Properties
8 Properties
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Type of Backbone
8.1.2 Backbone Length
8.1.3 Type of Isocyanate
8.1.4 Ratio of Reactants
8.1.5 Type and Concentration of Curative
8.1.6 Final Processing Conditions
8.2 Physical Properties
8.2.1 Temperature
Physical
Dimensional
8.2.2 Resilience
8.2.3 Thermal Conductivity
8.2.4 Stress–Strain Properties
8.2.5 Compressive Strain
8.2.6 Hardness
8.2.7 Tensile Strength
8.2.8 Tear Strength
8.2.9 Coefficient of Friction
8.2.10 Compression Set
8.2.11 Permeability to Water
8.3 Environmental
8.3.1 Thermal
Cold
Heat
8.3.2 Ozone Resistance
8.3.3 Hydrolysis
8.4 Electrical
8.5 Radiation
8.6 Chemical
8.6.1 Inorganic Chemicals
Inorganic Salts
Inorganic Acids
Alkali
Peroxides and Bleach
Inorganic Gasses
8.6.2 Organic Chemicals
Ketones
Esters
Aromatics
Natural Oils and Fats
Oils and Greases
Chlorinated Materials
8.7 Wear
8.7.1 Abrasive Wear
8.7.2 Erosive Wear
Mode of Wear
Microcutting of Polyurethane
Angle of Impact
Velocity of Particles
Particle Size
Particle Shape
Presence of Lubricant
8.7.3 Summary
References
9 Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Major Type and Grade Selection
Hardness
Tear Strength
Temperature
Heat Buildup
Hydrolysis Resistance
Compression Set
Tensile Strength
Oil Resistance
Wear Resistance
Food and Drug Approval
Flexibility in Adjustments to Formula
Cost
9.3 Polyurethane’s Role in the Materials Field
9.3.1 Comparison to Metals
9.3.2 Advantages over Plastics
9.3.3 Advantages over Rubber
9.3.4 Limitations of Polyurethanes
9.4 Polyurethane Selection Criteria
9.4.1 Applications in Tension
9.4.2 Load-Bearing
Wheels
9.4.3 Applications in Shear
9.4.4 Wear Resistance
9.4.5 Vibration Damping
9.4.6 Electrical
9.5 Design
9.5.1 Bonding
9.5.2 Fillets
9.5.3 Shape
9.6 Summary
10 Tools for Evaluation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Verification of Selected Grade
10.3 Quality Control Tests
10.3.1 Weighing Equipment
10.3.2 Temperature
10.3.3 Linear Dimensions
10.3.4 Density
10.3.5 Hardness
10.3.6 Curative Level
10.3.7 Surface Porosity (Spark Test)
10.4 Type Tests
10.4.1 Tensile Stress-Strain
10.4.2 Set — Tension and Compression
Tension Set
Compression Set
10.4.3 Tear Strength
10.4.4 Adhesion
Peel Tests
Tension Tests
10.4.5 Shear Tests
10.4.6 Compression Modulus
10.4.7 Shear Modulus
10.4.8 Dynamic Mechanical Testing
10.4.9 Resilience
Forced Vibrations
Free Vibration Testing
10.4.10 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA)
10.4.11 Electrical Properties
10.4.12 Environmental Resistance
Weathering Resistance
Chemical Resistance
Changes in Volume and Dimensions
Changes in Physical Properties
Heat Aging
Fungal
10.4.13 Wear Resistance Abrasion
Erosive Wear
10.4.14 Dynamic Heat Buildup
10.5 Prototype and Service Tests
10.5.1 First Part Evaluation
10.5.2 Verification of Design
10.5.3 Simulated Tests
10.5.4 Field Trials
10.6 Investigative Research
10.6.1 Infrared Studies
10.6.2 Gas Chromatography
10.6.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
10.6.4 X-Ray Diffraction

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Tags: IR Clemitson, Castable Polyurethane