Building Services Design Management 1st Edition by Jackie Portman 9781118528129 1118528123

Part One The operating context

The operating context

1 The operating environment

Examples of vision statements

Examples of mission statements

1.1 Organisational arrangement

Ownership arrangement

Scope of services

Figure 1.1 Effects of increasing project size and complexity on resources required.

Figure 1.2 Vertical and horizontal integration of building services engineers.

Integration with other entities

Types of projects by building sector

Figure 1.3 Building sectors.

Geographical operating span

1.2 The internal environment

Figure 1.4 Components of intellectual capital.

Human capital

Structural capital

Technology is not the total answer

Relationship capital

Summary

2 The external environment

2.1 Competitor analysis

2.2 PESTLE analysis

Political drivers

Kyoto and Montreal Protocols

Economic drivers

Social drivers

Examples of social movements: Public health, sustainability and disability rights

Technical drivers

Be wary; technology has its limitations

Legal drivers

Figure 2.1 Hierarchy of legislation in the UK.

Environmental drivers

Summary

3 Engaging building services engineers

3.1 Types of commissions

Design commissions

Survey commissions

Advisory commissions

Mediators, adjudicators and arbitrators – what’s the difference?

Witnessing commissions

Contract administration

3.2 Contracts

Allocation of design responsibility

Big D and little d

‘Reasonable skill and care’ vs ‘fitness for purpose’

Provision of third party information

Warranties

Figure 3.1 Collateral warranty agreements.

Bonds

Insurances

Partnering

3.3 Fees

Example: Fee build-up

3.4 Getting work

Responding to enquiries

Summary

4 Stakeholder interfaces

Figure 4.1 Potential stakeholder interfaces.

4.1 The client team

4.2 Enforcing authorities

Legislation in the UK

Building control

Local planning departments

Non-departmental public bodies

4.3 The design team

Architects

Figure 4.2 Trees impacting on drainage pipes and overhead electricity cables.

Engineers

Figure 4.3 Effect of changing cover levels on utility services.

Quantity surveyors

Specialists

Beware – there’s no such thing as a free meal

4.4 The construction team

Main contractors

Subcontractors

Suppliers

4.5 Utility service providers

Privatisation of utility service provision in the UK

Figure 4.4 Physical aspects of utility services design.

4.6 Non-contractual interfaces

IEE Wiring Regulations in England and Wales

Low Carbon Energy Assessors and Low Carbon Consultants

Summary

Reference

5 Professional ethics

Values and morals

Examples of possible organisational ethical decisions: Areas of work

Moral dilemmas

Summary

Part Two Technical issues associated with building services design

Technical issues associated with building services design

6 Design criteria

6.1 External design criteria

Figure 6.1 Relationship between cost and satisfying external design criteria.

Weather and climate

Climate change

Meteorological design criteria

Temperature and humidity

Figure 6.2 Weather data stations.

Table 6.1 Typical sample specification for outdoor temperature and humidity.

Solar radiation

Figure 6.3 Elements of solar radiation.

Rainfall

Ice and snow

Table 6.2 Typical sample specification for rainfall.

Table 6.3 Typical sample specification for wind.

Wind

Weathering

Air pressure

Air pressure varies with altitude

Risk of lightning

Table 6.4 Typical sample specification for lightning protection risk.

Other potential external design criteria

Microclimates

Figure 6.4 Effect of water on local weather.

Figure 6.5 Effect of heavy urban areas.

Figure 6.6 Effect of buildings on local wind patterns.

Pollution and contaminants

Figure 6.7 Local fogging.

Figure 6.8 Some sources of pollution into buildings.

Air quality

Noise and vibration

Figure 6.9 Sources of noise and vibration pollution.

Light

Figure 6.10 Sources of light pollution.

Fauna

Flora

6.2 Interior design criteria

Thermal comfort

Air temperature

Table 6.5 Sample design criteria: thermal comfort in an office.

Figure 6.11 Heat gains to a space.

Relative humidity

Supply air rate

Air quality

Pressure regime

Figure 6.12 Pressure regimes in a building.

Figure 6.13 Stairwell pressurisation with dampers and multiple injection points to regulate pressure.

The reality of thermal comfort

Table 6.6 Example design criteria for visual conditions.

Visual conditions

Daylighting

Figure 6.14 The three components of daylight.

Electric lighting

Figure 6.15 Examples of different task levels.

Figure 6.16 Effect of maintenance factor on lighting installation design.

Table 6.7 Design criteria parameters for lighting controls.

Controls

Emergency lighting

The reality of designing for visual comfort

Acoustic conditions

Electromagnetic and electrostatic environment

Electromagnetic interference

Life safety criteria

Figure 6.17 Elements of firefighting shafts.

Table 6.8 Sample design criteria: vertical transportation in an office.

Vertical transportation

Specialist services

Connectivity

Controlled outdoor environment

Domestic water

Irrigation water

External lighting

Cooling systems

Heating systems

Pesticide control systems

External power

Figure 6.18 Pesticide control system integrated into a fence.

6.3 Voluntary codes and practices

Incentive schemes

Possible incentive schemes

Eco-labelling

Examples of possible eco-labelling schemes

Summary

Reference

7 System descriptions

Preference engineering

7.1 Public utility services connections

Figure 7.1 Electrical and gas load profiles for a school building (note the different timescales).

Electricity

Figure 7.2 Constituent parts of specification for incoming electrical supply.

Figure 7.3 Example specifications for electrical supplies.

Gas

Water

Figure 7.4 Constituent parts of specification for incoming gas supply.

Figure 7.5 Example specifications for gas supplies.

Information and broadcast communications

Table 7.1 Examples of water supply specifications.

7.2 Ventilation

Figure 7.6 Sources of fresh air and means of removal.

Figure 7.7 The stack effect.

Figure 7.8 Natural ventilation principles.

Figure 7.9 Components of a typical ventilation system.

7.3 Heating

Figure 7.10 Basic components of a simple heating distribution system.

7.4 Cooling

7.5 Air-conditioning

Nomenclature clarified

Figure 7.11 Example of components of a packaged Air Handling Unit.

7.6 Water systems

Hot and cold domestic water services

Figure 7.12 Air gap, preventing backflow.

Irrigation systems

Fire water systems

Figure 7.13 Provision of dry risers.

Wastewater removal systems

Figure 7.14 Components of a sprinkler system.

7.7 Gas systems

Figure 7.15 Components of a gas system.

LNG/LPG

7.8 Electrical distribution

Source of supply

Transmission system

Figure 7.16 Examples of electrical cable and containment.

Figure 7.17 Three different arrangements for serving the same electrical loads.

Earthing and bonding system

Figure 7.18 Basics of earthing and bonding systems.

Electrical supplies for mechanical, public health and other equipment

7.9 Artificial lighting

Relationship between lighting and space heating/cooling loads

Emergency escape lighting and fire alarms

Figure 7.19 Components of emergency lighting systems.

External lighting

7.10 Controls

Protocols

7.11 Lightning protection system

7.12 Fire detection and alarm system

Figure 7.20 Inputs and outputs to a fire detection and alarm system.

7.13 Smoke and fire control systems

Figure 7.21 Ductwork and fire compartments.

Figure 7.22 Smoke control in an atrium – a possible solution.

Sprinklers

7.14 Security systems

Security lighting

Access control system

Figure 7.23 Fields of view for CCTV cameras.

Closed circuit television

Alarms

Patrol stations

7.15 Structured wiring system

Figure 7.24 Components of a structured wiring system.

7.16 Broadcast communications technology systems

7.17 Mobile telephony systems

Figure 7.25 Principles of broadcast TV components.

7.18 Audio, visual, audiovisual and information systems

Audio

Figure 7.26 Principles of mobile telephony systems.

Visual

Audiovisual

Information systems

7.19 Facilities for the disabled

7.20 Vertical transportation

Summary

8 Off-site manufacturing

Summary

Part Three The design management process

The design management process

9 Design execution

Figure 9.1 Headline project stages.

9.1 Project stages

Preparation

Clients know best

Design

Contributing to developing the client brief

Space planning for building services engineering equipment

A spring day

Getting it right

Space planning considerations for a heating system

Coordination with the building fabric and structure

Space planning considerations for ventilation system

Spare capacity and design margins

Figure 9.2 Spare capacity.

System selection and design

Requirements for utility services

Cost estimates

Compliance with requirements of enforcing authorities

Design for maintenance

Pre-construction

Tender preparation

Tender documents

Tender process

Tender evaluation

Tender award

Construction stage

Ongoing design responsibilities

Who’s in the driving seat now?

New design responsibilities

Reviewing installation documentation

Caveats

Fitting it all in

Responding to site queries

Inspection of on-site works

Routing of pipes

What is UKAS?

Witnessing of commissioning

Handover and close-out

Is it finished yet?

In use

What not to expect

9.2 Design management issues

Design responsibility matrix

Hierarchy of legislation and standards

Stakeholder analysis

Site visits

Health and safety responsibilities

Life safety compliant designs

Avoiding working at height

Provide adequate space for plant access operation, maintenance and repair

Other health and safety considerations

Life cycle considerations

Lessons to learn

Managing FF&E requirements

Areas of potential overlapping responsibilities

Building management systems

Mechanical control centre panels

Builders’ work ducts

Secondary steelwork for building services equipment

Design of the building fabric

Electronic door locks

Sanitaryware

Lightning protection system

Fire stopping details

Lift car lighting

Electrical accessories in furniture

Architectural lighting

Reflected ceiling plans

Internal and external drainage systems

Multiple building services engineers on the same project

Electrical distribution system

Use of software

Summary

10 Risk management

Risk identification

Table 10.1 Building services engineering design risks – preparation stage.

Table 10.2 Building services engineering design risks – design stage.

Table 10.3 Building services engineering design risks – construction stage.

Table 10.4 Generic risks – handover stage.

Table 10.5 Generic risks – In use stage.

Risk evaluation and quantification

Risk sharing, managing and monitoring

Sharing the risk

Summary

References

11 Information management

Project related information

Reference information

Knowledge management

Summary

12 Value management

Utility services sizing

Design criteria

Changes of use

Buildability

Cross-discipline thinking

Trees

Access to ceiling void services

Summary

13 Planning management

Figure 13.1 An example of a typical model of the concept design process.

Summary

Reference

14 Commercial management

Procurement routes

Cost management

Design creep

Bills of quantities

Contract variations, claims and disputes

Summary

15 Quality management

Summary

16 Performance management

Figure 16.1 How performance indicators support management actions.

Issues with performance measurement systems

Summary

Part Four Special buildings

17 Special buildings

17.1 Commercial kitchens

Temperature control

Ventilation

Disposal of kitchen waste

Fire engineering

Electrical services

Lighting system

Maintenance considerations

17.2 Hospitals and healthcare facilities

Heating

Ventilation and air-conditioning

Water services

Electrical services

Fire engineering

Security systems

Hospital lifts

Specialist hospital systems

17.3 Data centres

Tier classification

Air-conditioning and cooling systems

Electrical system

Structured cabling infrastructure

Fire engineering

Security systems

17.4 Shopping centres

17.5 Sports facilities

Swimming pools

17.6 Hotels

Interior designers and hotels

17.7 Educational buildings

Heating systems

Domestic hot water system

Ventilation system

Sanitaryware

Security systems

Centralised clock and period bell systems