Advances in Forensic Taphonomy Method Theory and Archaeological Perspectives 1st Edition by William Haglund, Marcella Sorg ISBN 9781040081273 1040081274

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ISBN 10: 1040081274
ISBN 13: 9781040081273
Author: William Haglund, Marcella Sorg

Advances in Forensic Taphonomy Method Theory and Archaeological Perspectives 1st Edition Table of contents:

Section 1: Theoretical Perspectives

1 Advancing Forensic Taphonomy: Purpose, Theory, and Process

Background

Conceptual Framework of Forensic Taphonomy

The Unit of Analysis

Taphonomic Time and Context

A Brief History of Taphonomic Data Collection in Forensic Anthropology

The Perimortem Problem

Humans Are Taphonomic Agents

Building Models and Data Sets

Taphonomic Observations and Terminology

Biogeographic Context

Bogs and Aquatic Contexts

Mass Fatalities and Mass Graves

Mass Graves and Human Rights

Scattered or Commingled Remains

Reconstructing Taphonomic Context vs. Taphonomic History of the Remains

Ethics and Standards of Practice

Recommended Forensic Taphonomy Report Protocol

Broader Professional Issues

References

2 Is Forensic Taphonomy Scientific?

Introduction

Theories, Models, and Data

Methodological Mischief?

Unlikely Bedfellows

Conclusion

References

Section 2: The Biogeographic Context

3 An Autopsy of the Grave: Recognizing, Collecting, and Preserving Forensic Geotaphonomic Evidence

Introduction

Stratification

Case History #1

Case History #2

Case History #3

Tool Marks

Case History #4

Bioturbation

Case History #5

Sedimentation

Compression/Depression

Case History #6

Internal Compaction

Excavation Techniques

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

4 Forensics, Archaeology, and Taphonomy: The Symbiotic Relationship

Introduction

The Recreation of Past Events

Maya Mountains: Decapitation and Dismemberment?

Cuello: What Happened Here? Where Is the Rest of the Body?

Chan Chich Tomb: Just a Scatter of Fragments, Offerings, or a Primary Burial?

Forensic Applications

Taphonomy, Pseudopathology, and Pseudotrauma: Roots vs. Blood Vessels

Roots vs. Cannibalism

Roots vs. Projectiles

Roots vs. Incised Defects

Other Possible Sources of Confusion

Blood Vessel Impressions Misinterpreted as Cut Marks

Trauma Assessment Based on Known Trauma

Sharp-Force Injury Examples

Turnpike Case

A Known Sharp-Force Injury Case

A Probable Sharp-Force Injury Case

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

5 Position of Skeletal Remains as a Key to Understanding Mortuary Behavior

Introduction

Taphonomy in Human Remains Research

Utilizing Taphonomy To Understand Mortuary Practice

General Consequences of Soft Tissue Decomposition and Disarticulation

Consequences of Decomposition

Sequences of Disarticulation or Disintegration of Connective Tissue between Joints

Potential Amplitude of Postdepositional Movement of Skeletal Elements

Influence of Gravity and the Space in Which Decomposition Takes Place

Inference about Ritual: Primary vs. Secondary Disposition

Group Burials: The Study of Function

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

6 Taphonomic and Forensic Aspects of Bog Bodies

Introduction

History, Dating, and General Preservation of the Finds

The Burial Environment

The Body Surface

The Digestive Tract

The Nervous System

Connective Tissue Preservation

The Musculoskeletal System

Other Soft Tissues

Evidence of Trauma and Pathology

References

7 The Effect of Cultivation on Buried Human Remains

Introduction

Machines for Power Farming

Primary Tillage

Seedbed Refining

Fertilizer Application

Planting and Seeding

Weed, Insect, and Pest Control

Harvesting

Impact of Cultivation on Buried Materials

Chemical Changes

Mechanical Changes

Surface Collections and Their Relationship to Subsurface Materials

Modification of Bone

Impact of Cultivation on Recovering Buried or Surface Remains

Case Example

The Site

Methods

Osteological Examination

Site Analysis

Human Remains from Cultivated Areas: An Investigative Strategy

Conclusion

References

8 Detection and Recovery of Abducted and Murdered Children: Behavioral and Taphonomic Influences

Introduction

Child Abduction Prevalence

Child Abduction/Homicide Characteristics

Child Remains: Disposal, Discovery, and Distances

Issues of Decomposition and Child-Sized Remains

Animal (Swine) Model Research

Field Research Data

Site #1 (Figure 8.2)

Site #2 (Figure 8.3)

Site #3 (Figure 8.4)

Site #4 (Figure 8.5)

Site #5 (Figure 8.6)

Child Abduction Case Histories and Disposal Scenarios

Case Study #1

Case Study #2

Case Study #3

Case Study #4

Multidisciplinary Approaches to Search/Recovery Strategies

References

9 Insects Associated with the Body: Their Use and Analyses

Introduction

Blow Fly Eggs

Case Study #1

Collection and Handling of Eggs at a Crime Scene

Blow Fly Larvae

Case Study #2

Case Study #3

Collection of Blow Fly Larvae

Blow Fly Pupae

Case Study #4

Collection of Blow Fly Pupae

Case Study #5

Empty Blow Fly Puparia and Newly Emerged Adult Flies

Case Study #6

Collection of Puparia

Successional Colonization of the Remains

Case Study #7

Collection of Other Insect Evidence

Conclusions

References

10 Human Remains in Water Environments

Introduction

Significance of Aqueous Environments to Fossil and Forensic Assemblages

Behavior of Carcasses in Bodies of Water: Sink or Float?

Behavior of Floating Carcasses: Position and Movement

Decomposition of Carcasses in Water

Disarticulation of Carcasses in Water

Fluvial Transport Studies and the Behavior of Single Bones

Bone Modifying Effects of Water Environments

Recovery Issues

Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

11 Floating Remains on Pacific Northwest Waters

Introduction

Tale of Two Ferries

Case #1: Collision of the Pacific and the Orpheus

Case #2: The Ill-Fated Clallam

Storms Drive Debris Inland

Tidal Eddies Concentrate Wreckage

Three Puget Sound Cases Involving Individuals

Case #3: An Accidental Fall from a Ferry in Georgia Strait

Case #4: Jumper from the Narrows Bridge, Southern Puget Sound

Case #5: Deception Pass: The Body in the Nylon Suitcase

Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Section 3: Mass Fatalities and Mass Graves

12 Recent Mass Graves, An Introduction

Introduction

Defining Mass Grave

Why Exhume Mass Graves? The Social Context

Selected Accounts of Mass Grave Exhumations

Anatomy of a Mass Grave: Concepts and Terminology

Approaches to Exhumation

Exposure and Delineation

Extraction of Fleshed Remains

Documentation and Removal

Issues Involved in Mass Grave Investigations

Expert Assessment

Levels of Examination and Documentation

Case Numbering and Removal Units

Identification of Victims

Conclusions

References

13 Taphonomy of a Karstic Cave Execution Site at Hrgar, Bosnia-Herzegovina

Introduction

Cave Formation Geology

Site History and Description

Logistics of the Exhumation

Differentiation and Exhumation of the Remains

Commingling

Perimortem Trauma

Identifications

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

14 Mass Graves and the Collection of Forensic Evidence: Genocide, War Crimes, and Crimes against Humanity

Introduction

Defining “Mass Graves”

Witness Testimony — Cornerstone of Mass Grave Forensic Analysis

Approaches to Mass Grave Location and Evidence Collection

Location of Mass Graves by Trenching

Example of Trenching: El Maguelar, Honduras

Location of Mass Grave by Sniff Probe Method

Example of Sniff Probe Burial Location Method: Pakracka Poljana, Croatia

Surface Evidence

Example of Surface Evidence Collection: Koreme, Iraq

Approaches to Documentation

Labeling, Inventory, and Determining Minimum Number of Individuals

Minimum Number of Individuals: Examples from Plan de Sanchez, Guatemala, and Kibuye, Rwanda

Identification Issues: Examples from Chichupac, Guatemala, and Koreme, Iraq

Mass Graves and Taphonomic Evidence: Illustration from Chichupac, Guatemala

Conclusions

References

15 Postburial Disturbance of Graves in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Introduction

Background

Historical Propaganda and Mass Graves

Varieties of Postburial Disturbance

Body Trading during the War

Mandated Exhumations with Reburial during the War

Body Relocations

Unmonitored Intra-Entity Exhumations

Unmonitored Inter-Entity Exhumation

Removal of Grave fill with Continued Interment in Same Grave

Case Studies of Sites in Bosnia-Herzegovina Where Clandestine Removal of Bodies Is Inferred

Tasovcici

Observations at the Site

Prior Site Disturbance at Tasovcici

Vojno

Prior Site Disturbance at Vojno

Bijelo Polje

Prior Site Disturbance at Bijelo Polje

Zaklopaca

Prior Site Disturbance at Zaklopaca

Discussion

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

16 Cannibalism or Violent Death Alone? Human Remains at a Small Anasazi Site

Introduction

The Grinnell Site

Methods

Results and Discussion

Depositional Pattern

Breakage Pattern

Burning

Cut Marks

Pot Polish

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

17 Damnum Fatale: The Taphonomic Fate of Human Remains in Mass Disasters

Introduction

Literature Review

Disaster-Specific Taphonomy

Aircraft Accidents

Bombing and Explosions

Earthquakes

Fires

Floods

Infectious Disease Outbreaks

Landslides, Mudslides, and Avalanches

Mass Suicides

Tornadoes and Hurricanes

War-Related Deaths and Weapons of Mass Destruction

Conclusion

References

18 Approaches to the Study of Commingling in Human Skeletal Biology

Introduction

Morphological Techniques

Fluorescence

Trace Element Analysis

An Ossuary Example

Portuguese Medieval Battle of Aljubarrota

The Crow Creek Massacre Site

The Search for Father Bachelot

Taphonomic Factors in Commingling

Animal Chewing

Bone Density

Excavation Factors

Curation Practices

Number of Individuals Represented by Bone Counts

Summary

References

Section 4: Modification of Bones, Soft Tissue, and Associated Materials

19 Detecting the Postburial Fragmentation of Carpals, Tarsals, and Phalanges

Introduction

Background

Expanding the Method

Mechanical and Nutritional Properties of Skeletal Elements

Quantification

Methods, Materials, and Caveats

Results

Skeletal Element Frequencies

Sphericity

Fragmentation

Grease and Marrow Utility

What Mediates Fragmentation?

Discussion and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

20 Degradation of Clothing and Other Dress Materials Associated with Buried Bodies of Archaeological and Forensic Interest

Introduction

Degradation of the Body and Its Effect on Clothing and Other Materials

Degradation of Textile Materials

Degradation of Wool

Degradation of Silk

Degradation of Cotton

Degradation of Linen

Case Studies

Case #1: Waterlogged Site 1

Case #2: Waterlogged Site 2

Case #3: Dry Site

Case #4: Intramural Burials

Experimental Investigation of Degradation

Florida Experiments

The Experimental Earthworks Project

Dyes

Bradford Experiments

Rotproofing and Mothproofing

Degradation of Leather

Corrosion of Metals

The Interaction of Corroding Metals with Organic Materials

Summary

References

21 Taphonomic Context of Sharp-Force Trauma in Suspected Cases of Human Mutilation and Dismemberment

Introduction

Sharp-Force Bone Trauma

Taphonomy and Sharp-Force Trauma

Definitions and Methods

Knives and Knife-Cut Wounds

Other Blades and Their Wounds

Saws and Saw-Cut Wounds

Cases

Case 1: Sharp Trauma vs. Rodent Modification

Case 2: Sharp Trauma vs. Carnivore Modification

Case 3: Sharp Trauma vs. Forensic Processing

Case 4: Sharp Trauma Forms Used in Dismemberment

Case 5: Sharp Trauma Forms Used in Dismemberment

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

22 A Critical Look at Methods for Recovering, Evaluating, and Interpreting Cremated Human Remains

Introduction

General Overview of the Cases

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Commentary on the Scene and Recovery

Scene Characteristics

Packaging and Transport Considerations

Post-Collection Handling and Preservation Considerations

Other Considerations

Commentary on Analysis

Separating Human from Nonhuman Remains

Estimating the Number of Individuals

Classification of Cremation

Estimating Sex

Estimation of Age at Time of Death

Estimation of Ancestry

Estimation of Stature

Personally Unique Features

Cause and Manner of Death

Lessons and Conclusions

Collection Priorities and Bone Preservation

Limitations

Cautions

Acknowledgments

References

23 Recovery and Interpretation of the Fatal Fire Victim: The Role of Forensic Anthropology

Introduction

The Forensic Anthropologist and the Fire Investigation

Level III Data Collection: Laboratory Analysis of Heat-Altered Human Remains

Element Identification and Determination of Significance

Personal Identification

Trauma Analysis

Level II Data Collection: The Postmortem Examination

Forensic Anthropology and Mass-Fatality Incidents

Case 1: Forensic Anthropological Contributions to Identity and Trauma Analysis of the Fire Victim at Autopsy

Case 2: Loss of Information Due to Recovery and Preservation Methods

Level I Data Collection: In Situ Recovery of Remains at Fire Scenes

Nature of the Physical Evidence at the Fatal Fire Scene

Fatal Fire Scene Documentation

Site Visitation Following Initial Recovery

Case 3: How Many Victims?

Case 4: House Fire Victims — Homicide or Accident?

Case 5: Homicide and Fire — Attempts To Destroy Evidence

Special Issue: The Role of Heavy Machinery in the Fatal Fire Recovery

Case 6: Forensic Archaeology and Evidence Recovery 22 Years after the Crime

Discussion/Overview

References

24 The Use of DNA in the Identification of Postmortem Remains

Introduction

HLA Typing

Case Study

Minisatellite and Microsatellite Markers

Case Study

Y-Chromosome

Case Study

Mitochondrial DNA

Heteroplasmy

Identification of Remains from the Vukavar/Ovcara Mass Grave in Croatia

Identification of the Romanov Family

Statistical Analysis

Conclusion

References

25 Disarticulation Pattern and Tooth Mark Artifacts Associated with Pig Scavenging of Human Remains: A Case Study

Introduction

Case Report

Disarticulation Pattern

Tooth Mark Artifacts

Conclusion

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