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A Brain for Numbers The Biology of the Number Instinct 1st Edition by Andreas Nieder ISBN 0262042789 9780262042789

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A Brain for Numbers The Biology of the Number Instinct Andreas Nieder Digital Instant Download

Author(s): Andreas Nieder
ISBN(s): 9780262042789, 0262042789
Edition: Illustrated
File Details: PDF, 23.87 MB
Year: 2019
Language: english
SKU: EB-58336752 Category: Tag:

A Brain for Numbers The Biology of the Number Instinct 1st Edition by Andreas Nieder – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 0262042789, 9780262042789
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ISBN 10: 0262042789 
ISBN 13: 9780262042789
Author: Andreas Nieder

How our intuitive understanding of numbers is deeply rooted in our biology, traceable through both evolution and development. Humans’ understanding of numbers is intuitive. Infants are able to estimate and calculate even before they learn the words for numbers. How have we come to possess this talent for numbers? In A Brain for Numbers, Andreas Nieder explains how our brains process numbers. He reports that numerical competency is deeply rooted in our biological ancestry; it can be traced through both the evolution of our species and the development of our individual minds. It is not, as it has been traditionally explained, based on our ability to use language. We owe our symbolic mathematical skills to the nonsymbolic numerical abilities that we inherited from our ancestors. The principles of mathematics, Nieder tells us, are reflections of the innate dispositions wired into the brain. Nieder explores how the workings of the brain give rise to numerical competence, tracing flair for numbers to dedicated “number neurons” in the brain. Drawing on a range of methods including brain imaging techniques, behavioral experiments, and twin studies, he outlines a new, integrated understanding of the talent for numbers. Along the way, he compares the numerical capabilities of humans and animals, and discusses the benefits animals reap from such a capability. He shows how the neurobiological roots of the brain’s nonverbal quantification capacity are the evolutionary foundation of more elaborate numerical skills. He discusses how number signs and symbols are represented in the brain; calculation capability and the “neuromythology” of mathematical genius; the “start-up tools” for counting and developmental of dyscalculia (a number disorder analogous to the reading disorder dyslexia); and how the brain processes the abstract concept of zero.

A Brain for Numbers The Biology of the Number Instinct 1st Table of contents:

Part I: Conceptual Foundations
1. Thinking about Numbers
1.1 Mathematical Reality
1.2 Cardinal Numbers as Objective Properties of a Set
1.3 Knowledge of Numbers

2. Numerical Concepts, Representations, and Systems
2.1 Numerical Concepts
2.2 Mental Numerical Representations and Mental Systems

Part II: Numbers Deeply Rooted in Our Ancestry
3. Understanding Numbers across the Animal Tree of Life
3.1 The Diversification of Animal Life
3.2 The Theory of Evolution
3.3 Classic Studies on Animal “Counting”
3.4 How to Test Animals on Numerical Cognition
3.5 The Phylogeny of Numerical Competence
3.6 Signatures of Animal Number Discrimination

4. The Utility of Number for Animals
4.1 A Matter of Fitness
4.2 Staying Alive
4.3 Benefits for Reproduction

5. Biological Heritage in the Human Brain
5.1 Baby Steps
5.2 Approximate Number System versus Object Tracking System
5.3 Number Discrimination in Humans Lacking Number Words
5.4 The Ancient Logarithmic Number Line

Part III: Numerical Quantity in the Brain
6. Localizing Numerical Quantity Representations in the Human Brain
6.1 The Building Plan of the Cerebral Cortex
6.2 At a Loss for Numerical Quantity after Brain Injury
6.3 Mapping Numerical Quantity on the Healthy Human Brain

7. Number Neurons
7.1 The Language of Neurons
7.2 The Discovery of Number Neurons in the Monkey Brain
7.3 The Neuronal Code for Number
7.4 Number Neurons Are Necessary for Number Judgments
7.5 Number Neurons Represent Different Presentation Types and Modalities
7.6 Convergent Evolution of Number Neurons: Lessons from Crows
7.7 Number Neurons in the Human Brain
7.8 An Innate Number Instinct
7.9 Number Models and Networks
7.10 Numerical Working Memory

Part IV: Number Symbols
8. Signs for Numbers
8.1 Evolution Pushed Homo sapiens toward Symbolic Thinking
8.2 Number Signs: Icons, Indices, and Symbols
8.3 Invention of Number Symbols in Human History
8.4 How Children Learn to Deal with Number Signs
8.5 Teaching Number Signs to Animals

9. Neural Foundation of Counting and Number Symbols
9.1 The Patient Who Lost All Numbers beyond Four
9.2 Imaging in the Human Brain During Symbolic Numerical Tasks
9.3 Numerical Association Neurons in Monkeys
9.4 Symbolic Number Neurons in the Human Brain
9.5 A Brain Area Dedicated to Numerals

10. The Calculating Brain
10.1 Non-symbolic Calculation in Indigenous People, Infants, and Animals
10.2 Single-Neuron Arithmetic
10.3 Cortical Location of Calculation
10.4 Dissociation of Calculation Types: Procedure versus Facts
10.5 Left versus Right Brain
10.6 Dissociated Brain Networks for Calculation and Language
10.7 Professional Mathematicians and Mathematical Prodigies

11. Space and Number
11.1 Small Numbers on the Left, Large Numbers on the Right
11.2 Carried along the Number Line During Calculation
11.3 Space and Number in the Brain

Part V: Development
12. The Developing Number Brain
12.1 Counting in Children
12.2 Startup Tools for a Symbolic Number System
12.3 Out of Approximate Quantity and into Symbolic Number
12.4 Brain Activity in the Developing Brains of Children
12.5 Abstractness of Number Representations in the Brain

13. Developmental Dyscalculia
13.1 Developmental Dyscalculia and How It Affects Life
13.2 Domain-General and Domain-Specific Impairment in Dyscalculia
13.3 Tracing Dyscalculia Back to Brain Anatomy
13.4 Functional Differences in Brain Activation of Dyscalculic Children
13.5 It’s (Partly) in the Genes

Part VI: The Brain Departing from Empirical Reality
14. The Magical Number Zero
14.1 A Special Number
14.2 Zero in Human History
14.3 Development of Zero-like Concepts in Children
14.4 Zero-like Concepts in Animals
14.5 Neuronal Representations of “Nothing” and Empty Sets

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Tags: Andreas Nieder, Brain, Biology, Number Instinct