Ethno Religious Violence in Indonesia From Soil to God 1st Edition by Chris Wilson ISBN 9780415502009 0415502004

1 The study of violent communal conflict

Lines of debate in conflict study

Elite agency vs. mass phenomena

Rationality vs. affect and identity

Synthesis

Dynamism and geographical variation

Researching violent conflict

Conclusion

2 North Maluku in context Introduction

Overview of North Maluku

The spice islands

Rival sultanates

Islam and Christianity

Suharto’s New Order 1966–98

Economy

The socio-political situation

Religion

A nation in flux 1999

Financial crisis 1997

Democratization 1998

Decentralization

The security sector

Rising inter-religious tension

Conflict in Maluku 1999

North Maluku becomes a province

Conclusion

3 Initiation – Malifut

Introduction

Mobilization for violence

Mobilization and counter-mobilization

From mobilization to violence

The sources of tension

A powerful ethnic group mobilizes

Counter-mobilization

The August riot

Government partiality

The October riot

Why did violence come to North Maluku?

Mobilization and counter-mobilization

Attachment to territory

Government partiality

Religious sentiment

Agency

Conclusion

4 Escalation – Ternate and Tidore

Introduction

Leadership and mass sentiment in the escalation of conflict

Reframing conflict

Ternate and Tidore in 1999

Rising tension

The aftermath of Malifut

Creating a mob

Immobilization of the security forces

‘Transvaluation’: the Bloody Sosol letter

Anti-Christian rioting

The Tidore riot

The Ternate riot

Religion enters the North Maluku conflict

Conclusion

5 Dispersion – Tobelo and Galela

Introduction

The security dilemma

A region of inter-religious harmony

Tobelo

The weakening of ethnic ties

Fear and rising radicalism

Violence in Tobelo

Attacks on remaining Muslim villages

Galela erupts in violence

Background

Rising tension

Violence in Galela

Insecurity, identity and violence

Accounting for the intensity of the violence

Conclusion

6 Political exploitation – the Putih–Kuning

Introduction

The political uses of violence

Rising political tension

After the expulsion of Christians

Intra-Muslim conflict

Explaining intra-Muslim violence during religious war

Conclusion

7 Killing in the name of God

Introduction

Identity, strategy and the mobilization of religious militias

Muslims united against Christians

Organization

Motivations/objectives

Funding and supply

Questions of radicalism and terrorism

Assaults on Christian villages

Malifut

Galela

The violence ends

Religion and national security forces in religious war

The role of religion

The security forces

Conclusion

8 Conclusion

Introduction

From harmony to bloodshed: the North Maluku conflict

A nation and region in turmoil

Initiation

Escalation

Dispersion

Political exploitation

Religious war

The security forces

Structure, agency and motivation in violent conflict

Religion

Summary and implications for research

Conclusion

Notes

Bibliography

Index