The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology 2nd Edition by Alan Barnard, Jonathan Spencer ISBN 0415409780 9780415409780

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ISBN 10: 0415409780 
ISBN 13: 9780415409780
Author: Alan Barnard, Jonathan Spencer

The Routledge Encyclopedia of Social and Cultural Anthropology 2nd Table of contents:

A
Aboriginal Australia
Spencer and Gillen
Radcliffe-Brown
Lévi-Strauss on kinship
The structural study of symbolism
Marxist and ecological studies
Land claims
Aboriginal empowerment
Further reading
adoption and fostering
Further reading
aesthetics
Further reading
affect
Further reading
Africa: East
Definition and influences
Ethnicity
Religion and magic
Generation
Violence and armed conflict
HIV and AIDS
Further reading
Africa: Nilotic
Age and social order
Land, lineages and prophets
Divinity and experience
Further reading
Africa: Southern
Historical and political background
Bantu-speaking Southern Africa
Khoisan Southern Africa
Other ethnic groups
Further reading
Africa: West
Region: definition and contemporary states
Language
Geography
Ethnic groups
History
Ethnographic writing: colonial traditions
Further reading
age
Age-class polities
Other models
Further reading
AIDS
Further reading
alliance
Further reading
American anthropology
Trends in American anthropology past and present
Continuities in the American tradition
Disciplinary history
Further reading
Americas: Central
Anthropological backwaters
Church and ‘fiestas’
The world outside
Further reading
Americas: Latin America
Anthropological perspectives
Rural society – folk culture
Peasants and relations of power
Contemporary perspectives
Further reading
Americas: Native North America
Morgan and the Iroquois
Twentieth-century studies of social organization
Boas and the Northwest Coast Indians
To the future
Further reading
Americas: Native South America(Highland)
‘Scientific’ anthropology
The principles and politics of integration
Defining the Andean
History and social change in the late twentieth century
Further reading
Americas: Native South America(Lowland)
Tribes and culture areas
Counterfeit paradise and indigenous realities
Indians and the modern nation-state
Anthropogenecism
Further reading
ancestors
Further reading
anthropological societies
Further information
Further reading
archaeology
Connections to sociocultural anthropology
History of archaeology as a discipline
Archaeology and the politics of the past
Further reading
Arctic
Explorers’ and missionaries’ accounts
The pioneers of Arctic ethnography
Arctic ethnography and the development of anthropology
Arctic peoples in contemporary anthropology
Further reading
art
Further reading
Asia: Central
Further reading
Asia: East
Continuity and difference
An example: Taiwanese and Korean shamans
The challenge of the region
Further reading
Asia: South
Colonial society and ethnography
The ‘village studies’ era and Dumont’s theory of caste
The legacy of Dumont’s theory
Contemporary change and communal politics
Further reading
Asia: Southeast
Techno-economic adaptations
Hill people
Valley people
Coastal people
Colonialism and nationalism
Further reading
avunculate
Further reading
B
belief
Further reading
Big Man
Further reading
biological anthropology
Human evolution
Primatology
Human genetics
Auxology
Human ecology
Further reading
Boas, Franz
Boas as ethnographer
Boas as theorist
Boas as professional
Boas as activist
Further reading
body
Further reading
British anthropology
In the name of science
Explicating human history
The end of synthetic anthropology
Toward membership in a global intellectual community
Further reading
Buddhism
Further reading
C
Canadian anthropology
Further reading
cannibalism
Further reading
capitalism
Further reading
cargo cult
Further reading
Caribbean
Caribbean ontologies
The African diaspora and the cultural politics of ethnology
Postwar developments
The next generation and beyond
Further reading
caste
Further reading
cattle complex
Further reading
children and childhood
The first primitives
Margaret Mead and childhood
Cross-cultural studies of child rearing
Child-centred anthropology
Further reading
Chinese anthropology
Further reading
Christianity
Further reading
citizenship
Further reading
civil society
Further reading
class
Further reading
classical studies
Anthropology and the classics
Continuities or differences
Further reading
classification
Ways of classifying the world
Principles of categorization
Mundane schemes
Symbolic schemes
Conclusion
Further reading
cognatic society
Further reading
cognition
Psychology and anthropology
Concepts
Universals and innate knowledge
Schemas
Analogy and thought
Further reading
colonialism
Anthropology and colonialism
Colonial transformations
The culture of colonizers
Further reading
community
Traditional anthropological approaches
Symbolic approaches
Evolutionary approaches
‘Community’ in current usage
Further reading
compadrazgo
Further reading
comparative method
Further reading
complementary filiation
Further reading
complex society
Varieties of small-scale units
Regions, nations and globalization
Culture, history and anthropology at home
Further reading
componential analysis
Further reading
conception
Further reading
consumption
Further reading
cosmology
Cosmology and classification
Structuralism and after
Further reading
cosmopolitanism
Further reading
counterinsurgency
Further reading
Crow-Omaha systems
Further reading
cultural materialism
Further reading
cultural studies
Further reading
culture
Prehistory: from Herder to Boas
After Boas
Culture versus society
From meaning to contest
Further reading
culture and personality
Cultural patterns
Basic and modal personality
Untenable assumptions
Cultural schemas
Further reading
D
dance
Meaning
Methods to discover meaning
Further reading
death
Dealing with the dead
After death
The living and the dead
Further reading
descent
Systems of descent
Further reading
development
Development and evolution
Anti-evolutionism and relativism
‘Practical anthropology’ and postwar modernization
Neo-Marxist critique
‘Development anthropology’
Further reading
diaspora
Further reading
diffusionism
Coda
Further reading
discourse
Further reading
divination
Further reading
dreams
Further reading
dual organization
Further reading
Dutch anthropology
Further reading
E
ecological anthropology
The recent history of ecological anthropology
Ecological anthropology in theoretical debate
Ecological ethnography: some illustrations
Contributions to the study of global environmental problems
Further reading
economic anthropology
Fieldwork
Theory
Community and market economies
The market ideal
The community ideal
Locality
Resources
Distribution
Uncertainty, rationality and pragmatism
Market in community
Models, markets and communities
Further reading
education
Education as disruption
Practical mastery and formal learning
Acquiring and constructing knowledge
Literacy, apprenticeship and cognition
Education and power
Further reading
emic and etic
Etic and emic in cross-cultural comparison
The emic model is not the native’s model
Critiques of emic and etic
The future of emic and etic
Further reading
emotion
Rival approaches to the analysis of emotion
Cross-cultural explanation and the question of universals
New directions in research
Further reading
engagement
Modes of engagement
Further reading
Enlightenment anthropology
Further reading
environment
Meanings
Biophysical factors
Materialism, idealism, and holism
Symbolism and metaphor
Dualism and anthropocentrism
Applications
Further reading
essentialism
Further reading
ethics, anthropological
Further reading
ethics, anthropology of
Further reading
ethnicity
Primordialist views
Instrumentalist approaches
Constructivist theories
The future of ethnicity research
Further reading
ethnography
Ethnography as product: a history of ethnography
Ethnography as process: doing ethnography
Further reading
ethnopsychiatry
Origins and history
Are mental illnesses universal?
The mechanism of psychological healing
Somatization and the idioms of distress
Clinically applied ethnopsychiatry
Further reading
ethnoscience
Further reading
Europe: Central and Eastern
Definitions and boundaries
Ethnicity and nationalism
Peasantry and underdevelopment
Socialism and the aftermath
Conclusions
Further reading
Europe: Northern
Anthropology, ethnology, folklore and social history
The anthropology of Northern Europe
Further reading
Europe: Southern
Oxford beginnings
The Mediterranean as a culture area
History and process in Southern Europe
Amoral familism
Further reading
evolution and evolutionism
The nineteenth century
Anti-evolutionist interlude
The revival of evolutionism
Monocausality versus multicausality
Why evolution?
Further reading
exchange
Structural perspectives
Relational perspectives
Exchange and economy
Conclusion
Further reading
F
factions
Further reading
family
Types of family
Theoretical origins
The conjugal family as building block
The conjugal family and the developmental cycle
The family and the household
The matrifocal family
Families and ideologies
Further reading
fashion
Further reading
feminist anthropology
The emergence of gender
Difference and identity
Sexuality and †heteronormativity
Further reading
feudalism
Further reading
fieldwork
Further reading
film
Brief history
The uses of film
Theorizing film
Further reading
Films
finance
The neoliberal moment
Ethnographies of finance
Further reading
fishing
Further reading
folklore
Further reading
food
Food as cultural construction
Changing patterns of production and the role of markets
Food security at community and household levels
Hunger, famine and food aid
Agricultural development and food policy
Further reading
formalism and substantivism
Further reading
French anthropology
Origins
The nineteenth century
The sociological synthesis
The development of field research
The structuralist synthesis
After the millennium
Further reading
friendship
Further reading
functionalism
The politics of knowledge
An origin story
Functionalism embattled
Functionalism’s critics in the 1990s
Further reading
G
gay and lesbian anthropology
Further reading
gender
Models of subordination
Theorizing beyond dichotomies
Sex, gender and inequality
Deconstructing difference
Further reading
genealogical method
Further reading
genetics, anthropology of
Refiguring life
Genetically informed socialities
Genetic history and human variation
Further reading
genocide
Further reading
German and Austrian anthropology
Further reading
ghost dance
Further reading
gossip
Further reading
great and little traditions
Further reading
Gypsies
Further reading
H
Hinduism
Further reading
history and anthropology
Converging disciplines
Structural history
Debunking the exotic
One history or many
Further reading
history of anthropology
Insider presentist histories
Insider/outsider historicist approaches
Recent research and writing
Resources for further study
Further reading
honour and shame
Further reading
house
Lévi-Strauss and ‘house societies’
‘Houses’ and the Kachin
Rethinking kinship
Further reading
household
Household ideology and composition
Household activities
Structures, locations and activities again
Trajectories of change
Further reading
human rights
The relativist critique of universal human rights
The anthropological re-engagement with human rights
The right to culture
Human rights in practice
Further reading
hunting and gathering societies
Hunter-gatherers as a social category
The culture of hunter-gatherers
Social structure and ideology
Further reading
I
identity
Further reading
ideology
Further reading
incest
The incest prohibition
Incest avoidance
Explaining incest
Further reading
Indian anthropology
Further reading
indigenous knowledge
Further reading
indigenous peoples
Further reading
Individualism
The Durkheimian individual
Anthropological applications
The non-Durkheimian individual
Current approaches
Further reading
inequality
Egalitarian societies
Unequal societies
Kinds of inequality
Further reading
Islam
Further reading
J
Japan
Further reading
Japanese anthropology
History
Structure
Further reading
joking and avoidance
Further reading
K
kingship
Further reading
kinship
Kinship and biology
Analytical levels
Approaches to kinship: (1) descent theory
Unilineal descent
Groups and categories
Approaches to kinship: (2) alliance theory
Symmetric exchange
Asymmetric exchange
Patrilateral cross-cousin marriage
Approaches to kinship: (3) the cultural approach
Approaches to kinship: (4) kinship practice
Kinship and gender
Reproductive technology and future kinship
Further reading
kula
Further reading
L
land tenure
Further reading
landscape
Further reading
language and linguistics
What is language?
Anthropologists versus linguists
Language in context
Language and social differentiation
Subordination through language?
Conclusion
Further reading
Latin American anthropology
Further reading
law
Anthropological jurisprudence
The regionalization of legal anthropology
Legal pluralism
The ethnography of United States law
Conclusion
Further reading
Lévi-Strauss, Claude
From the aesthetic to the sensual
From the view from afar to the discovery of the other
A theory of kinship based on alliance
From primitive thought to mythical thought
Further reading
literacy
What is literacy?
Approaches to the study of literacy
Further reading
Literature
Anthropology and literature
Anthropology in literature
Anthropologists in literature
Further reading
M
magic
Fieldwork on magic
Magic in the West
Modernity and postmodernism
Further reading
Malinowski, Bronislaw
Bulletins from the field
Financing functionalism
Of theories and legacies
Further reading
mana
Further reading
markets
Formal models
Cultural economics
Morality and the market
Power, agency and the market
Further reading
marriage
Further reading
Marxism and anthropology
Marx, Engels and the official line
Structural Marxism
Cultural Marxism
Further reading
mass media
Traditional forms of mass media
The printed media
The electronic media
Mass media and culture
Further reading
material culture
History
1960s and after
Material culture now
Further reading
medical anthropology
Ethnomedicine, medical pluralism and medical systems
Applied anthropology in public health and clinical medicine
Ecological studies
Disease, illness and clinical applications
The anthropology of medicine
Further reading
memory
Further reading
menstruation
Further reading
methodology
Some exemplary methods
Common problems in applying methods
Theoretical foundations of methodologies
Further reading
Middle East and North Africa
Anthropologists in the Middle East
Further reading
migration
Further reading
millennial movements,millenarianism
Further reading
missionaries
Further reading
mode of production
Further reading
modernism, modernity andmodernization
The modern and the modernizing
Modernism
Modernity
Further reading
money
Further reading
Morgan, Lewis Henry
Further reading
multiculturalism
Further reading
multi-sited ethnography
‘Tradition’?
Coinage
Critiques
Further reading
museums
Further reading
music
Brief history of ethnomusicology
New directions
Recordings
Further reading
myth and mythology
Myth and structural analysis
Further reading
N
names and naming
Further reading
nationalism
Further reading
nature and culture
Culture
Culture and nature
Synthesis
Further reading
neoliberalism
Three ways of viewing neoliberalism
Further reading
network analysis
Further reading
nomadism
Further reading
non-governmental organizations(NGOs)
Further reading
number
Further reading
nutrition
Further reading
O
Occidentalism
Further reading
oral literature
Further reading
oratory
Further reading
Orientalism
Further reading
P
Pacific: Melanesia
Ethnography and society before World War II
African models of social structure
Ceremonial exchange and Big Men
Religion
Gender and personhood
Contemporary trends in Melanesian ethnography
Further reading
Pacific: Polynesia
Prehistoric explorers and colonizers
Aspects of traditional Polynesian culture
Anthropology in Polynesia
Further reading
pastoralists
Further reading
patrons and clients
Further reading
peasants
Further reading
person
Persons and individuals
Persons and selves
Further reading
pharmaceuticals
Further reading
photography
Further reading
pilgrimage
Further reading
place
Further reading
play
Further reading
plural society
Further reading
poetics
Further reading
political anthropology
The evolution of political society
The anthropology of politics in colonial settings
The ‘clash of cultures’
Systems theory in political anthropology (1940–53)
Process and action theory (1954–66)
Postmodernity, anthropology and politics
State politics, hegemony and resistance
Critique
Conclusion
Further reading
political economy
Anthropological political economy enters the mainstream
Anthropological political economy and its critics
The peripheral situation
Conclusion
Further reading
pollution and purity
The sacred and ‘magical uncleanness’
Pollution as danger to social order
Ritual purity and pollution in South Asia
The auspicious and the inauspicious
New directions
Further reading
possession
Performance and the play of agency
Selfhood and therapy
Further reading
postmodernism
The literature
Postmodernist ethnography
The future of postmodernism in anthropology
Further reading
potlatch
Further reading
power
Further reading
preference and prescription
Further reading
primitive communism
Further reading
primitive mentality
Further reading
property
Further reading
psychoanalysis
Fieldwork and the work of culture
Further reading
psychological anthropology
Defining psychological anthropology
Cultural psychology and social construction theory
Mind and habitus
Embodied mind
History and embodied mind
Redefining mind
Further reading
R
race
Before race
The rise of race
Racism
Further reading
Radcliffe-Brown, A.R.
Further reading
rationality
Primitivity as lack of rationality
A single conception of rationality for anthropology
Further reading
reflexivity
Further reading
refugees
Further reading
regional analysis and regionalcomparison
Three kinds of regional analysis
Early regional studies
Theoretical advances
Regional structural comparison
Further reading
relatedness
Further reading
relationship terminology
Morgan’s theory
Three typologies
Further reading
relativism
Ethical relativism
Epistemological relativism
Further reading
religion
Definitions and history
Religion and European expansion
Translation
Reform, ‘fundamentalism’ and transnationalism
Further reading
reproductive technologies
Further reading
resistance
Further reading
rite of passage
Further reading
ritual
Ritual and social integration
Ritual as mystification
Ritual and practice
Further reading
Russian and Soviet anthropology
Further reading
S
sacred and profane
Further reading
sacrifice
Robertson Smith and the origins of Christian sacrifice
Sacrifice as practice
Nature, culture and classification
Further reading
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Further reading
scandals, anthropological
Further reading
Scandinavian anthropology
Further reading
science
Further reading
science and technology studies(STS)
Further reading
settlement patterns
Further reading
sex and sexuality
Further reading
shamanism
Romanticism and evolutionism
From ethnographic regionalism to psychological reductionism
Shamanism and postmodernism
The revival of shamanic studies
Further reading
sharecropping
Further reading
slavery
Further reading
social structure and socialorganization
Further reading
socialization
Learning culture
Socialization and subjectivity
Agency and the history of social relations
Further reading
society
Two senses: society and societies
Two genealogies: individualism and holism
Two oppositions: nature/culture and individual/society
Two types of society: primitive and civilized
The dichotomies internalized
Criticism and crisis
Further reading
sociobiology
Evolutionary origins
Strands of sociobiology
Further reading
sociology
Sociology’s focus
Sociology and anthropology
Conclusions
Further reading
South African anthropology
Further reading
sovereignty
Further reading
state
State formation
Beyond the search for origins
Further reading
structuralism
Linguistics and anthropology
Intellectual structures
Totemism and The Savage Mind
Myths and transformations
Criticisms
Structuralism and structuralists
Further reading
symbolic anthropology
Decoding symbols
Core symbols and cultural systems
From reading to writing
After culture
Further reading
syncretism
Further reading
T
taboo
Polynesian origins
After taboo
Further reading
technology
Techniques and representations
Technological choices
Further reading
text
Further reading
time and space
Space: symbolism and phenomenology
Time: relativities and constants
Time and space, practice and structure
Further reading
totemism
Further reading
tourism
Further reading
transhumance
Further reading
translation
Further reading
transnationalism
Further reading
U
urban anthropology
Lineages of urban anthropology
Heyday and aftermath
Theoretical accomplishments
Anthropology in an urban world
Further reading
V
violence
Further reading
visual anthropology
Further reading
W
war, warfare
Further reading
well-being and happiness
Further reading
witchcraft and sorcery
Witchcraft in classical theory
Witchcraft, modernity and globalization
Recent theoretical concerns
Further reading
work
Further reading
world system
Further reading
Y
youth
Further reading
Biographical appendix
Glossary
Name index
Peoples and places index
Subject index

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Tags: Alan Barnard, Jonathan Spencer, Encyclopedia, Social, Cultural Anthropology