Stress Neural Endocrine and Molecular Studies 1st Edition by Richard McCarty, Greti Aguilera, Esther L Sabban, Richard Kvetnansky ISBN 0415272203 9780415272209

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ISBN 10: 0415272203 
ISBN 13: 9780415272209
Author: Richard McCarty, Greti Aguilera, Esther L Sabban, Richard Kvetnansky

Stress Neural Endocrine and Molecular Studies 1st Table of contents:

1. Stress‑Related Central Neuronal Regulatory Circuits

• introduction

• central organization of responses to various stressful stimuli: stress‑related neuronal circuits

• formalin‑evoked painful stimuli

• neuronal circuits activated by formalin‑induced pain

• immobilization stress

• neuronal circuits activated by immobilization stress

• cold stress

• neuronal circuits activated by cold stress

• insulin‑evoked hypoglycemia

• neuronal circuits activated during insulin‑evoked hypoglycemia

• hemorrhage

• neuronal circuits for activating the central organization of body electrolyte and water homeostasis

• concluding remarks

• references

2. Re‑Evaluation of the Role of Serotonin in Stress: A “Systems‑Level” Approach

• introduction

• subpopulations of serotonergic neurons may have stress‑related functions

• serotonin and behavioral state – an overriding influence

• “classical” serotonergic neuronal cell groups and stress‑related functions

• overview

• a mesolimbocortical serotonergic system – a definition

• the unique dependence of stress‑related serotonergic activity on rapid increases in tryptophan availability

• vascular networks around mesolimbocortical serotonergic systems – a clue to functional specialization?

• integrated roles for the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamo‑pituitary‑adrenal axis in regulating tryptophan availability

• summary and future directions

• acknowledgements

• references

3. Neurocircuit Activation of the Hypothalamo‑Pituitary‑Adrenocortical Axis: Roles for Ascending Norepinephrine Systems

• introduction

• materials and methods

• results

• lesion studies

  • ventral noradrenergic bundle (VNAB) lesions

  • locus coeruleus lesions

• TH regulation

• discussion

• references

4. Pain and Stress: Convergence and Divergence of Neuronal Pathways

• introduction

• primary sensory neurons: common input of pain and stress signals to the nervous system

• somatosensory pain signals

• viscerosensory pain signals

• pain‑ and stress‑conducting neuronal pathways

• common pathways in pain and stress responses: humoral and neuronal outputs

• references

5. Chronic Hypercortisolemia Inhibits Dopaminergic Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens

• introduction

• materials and methods

• animal preparation

• minipump insertion and cortisol treatment

• NSD treatment

• microdialysis probe placement

• microdialysis experiment

• microdialysis probe location

• assays

• statistical analysis

• results

• discussion

• references

6. Distinctive Changes in Central Norepinephrinergic Transmission are Induced by Unconditioned and Conditioned Naturalistic Environmental Stimuli

• introduction

• methods

• surgical procedures

• apparatus (light/dark shuttle‑box)

• behavioral tests and microdialysis

• statistical analysis

• results

  • single exposure to a novel arena

    • behavior

    • microdialysis

  • conditioning

    • behavior

    • microdialysis

• discussion

• acknowledgments

• references

7. Interstitial Norepinephrine in the Hypothalamus of Rats Fed a Lysine‑Deficient Diet

• introduction

• methods

• results

• discussion

• references

8. A Possible Role of the Coeruleospinal Modulation System Under Painful Stress

• introduction

• methods

• results

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

9. Responses of Catecholaminergic, β‑Endorphinergic and Gonadoliberinergic Neuronal Systems in the Hypothalamus of Anestrous Ewes to Stressful Stimuli

• references

10. Effect of Various Stressors on Neuronal Activity in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus of Long‑Term Repeatedly Immobilized Rats

• introduction

• materials and methods

• results

  • c‑fos activation

  • CRH and ENK gene expression

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

11. Gender Differences in Rats in Sympathoadrenal Activity at Rest and in Response to Stress

• introduction

• materials and methods

• animals

• experimental protocol

• assays

• statistical analyses

• results

• discussion

• references

12. Sex Differences in Diurnal Variations in Corticosterone Responses to Emotional Stressors

• introduction

• materials and methods

• results

  • morning and afternoon CS responses to the stressful situation caused by sight and vocalizations of immobilized counterparts in female and male rats

  • morning and afternoon CS responses to immobilization stress in female and male rats

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

13. Hemodynamic Response Variability to Behavioral Stress Correlates with Predisposition to Disease

• animal model of hemodynamic response variability

• hemodynamic responses to cocaine

• nonspecificity of hemodynamic response pattern to cocaine

• significance of response variability to predisposition to disease

• relationship between hemodynamic response pattern and cardiomyopathies

• relationship between hemodynamic response pattern and hypertension

• relationship between hemodynamic response pattern and endotoxemia

• summary and conclusions

• references

14. Immobilization Stress Affects Calcium Homeostasis in Rat Kidney by Modulation of Calcium Transport Systems

• introduction

• methods

• animals

• immobilization stress

• western blot analysis

• calcium transport into the membrane vesicles from rat kidneys

• statistical analysis

• results

• discussion

• references

15. Osteocalcin Response to Immobilization: Possible Involvement of Parathyroid Hormone

• introduction

• methods

• results

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

16. Effects of Novel Stressors on Plasma Catecholamine Levels in Rats Exposed to Long‑Term Cold

• introduction

• materials and methods

• results

  • plasma levels of catecholamines in rats exposed to acute and long‑term cold

  • effect of immobilization on plasma catecholamine levels in rats exposed to acute and long‑term cold

  • effect of 2DG on plasma catecholamines in rats exposed to acute and long‑term cold

  • effect of insulin on plasma catecholamines in rats exposed to acute and long‑term cold

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

17. Transcriptional and Post‑Transcriptional Regulation of Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Vasopressin Expression by Stress and Glucocorticoids

• introduction

• CRH and VP responses to acute stress

• CRH and VP responses to repeated stress

• effect of glucocorticoids

• summary and conclusions

• references

18. Transcriptional Mechanisms of Stress‑Triggered Activation of Neurotransmitter Gene Expression

• introduction

• methods

• animals

• nuclear run‑on assay

• northern blot analysis

• western blot analysis

• statistical analysis

• results

  • transient activation of transcription after a single stress in adrenal medulla

  • brief stress

  • intermediate duration of stress

  • sustained activation of TH and DBH transcription by repeated stress in the adrenal medulla

  • transcriptional changes in response to immobilization stress in locus coeruleus

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

19. Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Transcription Rate by Stress: Use of Transgenic Mice

• introduction

• materials and methods

  • immobilization studies

  • TH‑hpAP luminescent assay

  • isolation of c‑Fos‑inducible PC18 cell lines

• other methods

• results and discussion

  • regulation of TH gene expression by stress in the adrenal medulla of transgenic mice

  • regulation of TH gene expression by immobilization stress in the locus coeruleus of transgenic mice

  • over‑expression of c‑Fos in rat pheochromocytoma PC18 cells leads to stimulation of TH gene transcription rate

• summary

• acknowledgements

• references

20. Genes of Tetrahydrobiopterin‑Synthesizing Enzymes in Relation to Stress

• introduction

• GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) gene

• 6‑pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase (PTPS) gene

• sepiapterin reductase gene

• mutations of GCH1 and PTPS genes

• regulation of the genes for tetrahydrobiopterin‑synthesizing enzymes under stress

• conclusion

• references

21. Novel Stressors Exaggerate Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression in the Adrenal Medulla of Rats Exposed to Long‑Term Cold Stress

• introduction

• effect of long‑term cold exposure on tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in the rat adrenal medulla

• effect of novel acute stressors on tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in the adrenal medulla of rats exposed to long‑term cold

• conclusions

• acknowledgements

• references

22. Stress‑Induced Expression of Phenylethanolamine N‑Methyltransferase: Normal and Knock Out Animals

• acknowledgements

• references

23. Reacting to Stress in the Absence of Norepinephrine: Lessons from Dopamine β‑Hydroxylase‑ and Tyrosine Hydroxylase‑Deficient Mice

• introduction

• methods

• results and discussion

  • fetus

  • neonate

  • adolescent

  • adult

  • cold stress

  • fasting

  • aversive conditioning

  • glucocorticoids

• conclusions

• acknowledgements

• references

24. Role of CRH‑Binding Protein in the Mammalian Stress Response

• introduction

• in vivo regulation of CRH‑BP mRNA levels in response to stress or adrenalectomy

• molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of CRH‑BP gene expression

• overexpression of CRH‑BP in pituitary of transgenic mice alters HPA axis activity

• references

25. Gene Expression of the Cardiac Renin‑Angiotensin Components and its Modulation by Stress

• introduction

• cardiac RAS and immobilization stress

• gene expression of RAS components in genetically hypertensive rat strains

• conclusion

• acknowledgements

• references

26. Association Between Brain COMT Gene Expression and Aggressive Experience in Daily Agonistic Confrontations in Male Mice

• introduction

• materials and methods

  • animals

  • generation of aggressive and submissive types of behavior in male mice

  • DNA competitors used for RT-competitive PCR

  • determination of brain mRNA level

  • statistics

• results

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

27. Cytokines and Stress: Neurochemistry, Endocrinology and Behavior

• introduction

• association of the neurochemical and endocrine responses

• association of the neurochemical and behavioral responses

• acknowledgements

• references

28. Central Neurochemical Effects of Cytokines: Parallels with Stressor Effects

• introduction

• neurochemical effects of interleukin-1β

• sensitization of cytokine‑induced neurochemical changes

• summary

• acknowledgements

• references

29. Neuropeptides in Immune Tissues: Mediators of the Stress Response

• introduction

• opioid peptides and immune function

• neuropeptides, stress and immune activation‑methodological perspectives

• assessments of exogenous or endogenous immunoneuropeptide effects

• conclusions

• references

30. The Ontogeny of the Neural Responses to Stress: The Influence of Maternal Factors

• introduction

• ACTH

• CRF

• immediate early genes

• conclusions

• acknowledgements

• references

31. Age and Stress: Differential Effects on Neurotransmitter Gene Expression in Adrenal Medulla and Brain Catecholaminergic Neurons

• introduction

• methods

  • immobilization stress

  • isolation of RNA and Northern blots

  • statistical analysis

• results

  • adrenal medulla

  • locus coeruleus

  • substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

32. Regulation of Tyrosine Hydroxylase with Age: Modulation by Cold and Exercise

• introduction

• catecholamine biosynthesis

• molecular regulation of TH activity

• catecholamines increase with age

• TH activity and TH mRNA increase with age

• cold exposure increases TH activity and TH mRNA

• effect of cold exposure on TH activity with age in the adrenal medulla

• adenylyl cyclase mediated signal transduction increases with age

• in vivo induction of TH by forskolin

• AP‑1 transcription factor binding with age and cold

• exercise and ageing

• exercise decreases TH gene expression in the adrenal medulla of young but not old rats

• conclusions

• references

33. Effects of Neonatal Treatment with Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotide to Alpha2A‑Adrenergic Receptor on the Noradrenergic System of Rat Brain

• introduction

• materials and methods

• results

• discussion

• acknowledgment

• references

34. Prenatal Stress Alters Endocrine and Immune Reactions in Neonatal Pigs

• introduction

• methods

• animals and prenatal stress treatment

• endocrine reactions of the neonates

• hormone analyses

• immune response of the neonates

• tissue collection and brain glucocorticoid receptor analysis

• statistical analysis

• results

• endocrine reactions of the neonates

• immune response of the neonates

• thymus, adrenal gland and glucocorticoid receptors in brain

• discussion

• references

35. Human Fetal and Maternal Stress Responses

• introduction

• methods

• results

  • fetal responses

  • maternal responses

  • relationship between basal maternal and fetal levels

• discussion

• references

36. Overview of Corticotropin‑Releasing Factor Receptors and Binding Protein

• introduction

• molecular biology/receptor structure of CRF receptors and binding protein

• CRF 1 receptors

• CRF 2 receptors

• CRF receptor splice variants

• CRF‑binding protein

• pharmacological characteristics of CRF receptors and binding protein

• ligand binding profile of CRF 1 receptors

• ligand binding profile of CRF 2 receptors

• ligand binding profile of CRF‑binding protein

• guanine nucleotide characteristics of CRF receptors

• second messenger characteristics of CRF receptors

• localization of ligand‑binding domains of CRF receptors: chimera and mutational studies

• distribution of CRF receptors and binding protein

• CRF receptors

• CRF‑binding protein

• summary and conclusions

• acknowledgements

• references

37. Pituitary CRH and VP Receptors and their Role in Corticotroph Responsiveness During Stress

• introduction

• materials and methods

• animal procedures

• analysis of receptor mRNA levels

• inositol phosphate determination

• western blot analysis

• results and discussion

  • regulation of pituitary CRH receptors

  • effect of stress on CRH receptor mRNA and CRH binding

  • glucocorticoid dependence of the effect of stress on pituitary CRH receptor expression

  • regulation of pituitary V1b receptors

  • regulation of V1b receptors by stress

  • glucocorticoids increase V1b receptor coupling to phospholipase C

• references

38. Effect of 2‑Deoxy‑D‑Glucose‑Induced Inhibition of Glucose Utilization on Nuclear All‑Trans Retinoic Acid Receptor Status in Rat Liver

• introduction

• materials and methods

• determination of rat liver nuclear all‑trans retinoic acid receptors

• results

• discussion

• acknowledgements

• references

39. Mineralocorticoid Receptor‑Mediated Effects on Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity are Modulated by the β‑Adrenergic System

• introduction

• materials and methods

• electrophysiological recordings

• drugs and treatments

• results

• discussion

• references

40. Alpha and Beta Adrenoceptor‑Mediated Molecular and Electrocardiographic Responses to Emotional Stress

• introduction

• methods

• results

• discussion

• references

41. Stressor‑Specific Activation of Catecholaminergic Systems: Clinical Demonstrations

• introduction

• the doctrine of nonspecificity

• primitive specificity of stress responses

• perspective

• references

42. Hypocortisolism and the Triad of Fatigue, Pain and Stress

• introduction

• hypocortisolism in stress‑related disorders

• the triad of fatigue, pain, and stress

• stress and fatigue

• stress and pain

• pain and fatigue

• hypotheses on links between stress, fatigue, and pain

• is there a time course in the development of hypocortisolism?

• future directions

• references

43. Plasma Catecholamines, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response During Different Stress Stimuli in Established Essential Hypertension

• introduction

• subjects and methods

• subjects

• methods

• results

• discussion

• references

44. Neuroendocrine Responses to Passive and Active Hyperthermia in Healthy Men

• introduction

• subjects and methods

• subjects

• passive hyperthermia

• active hyperthermia

• hormone analyses and statistical evaluation

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Tags: Richard McCarty, Greti Aguilera, Esther L Sabban, Richard Kvetnansky, Neural Endocrine, Molecular Studies