The opening of Japan 1853 1855 a comparative study of the American British Dutch and Russian naval expeditions to compel the Tokugawa Shogunate to conclude treaties and open ports to their ships 1st Edition by William Mcomie ISBN 1901903761 978-1901903768

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Product details:

ISBN 10: 1901903761

ISBN 13: 978-1901903768 

Author: William Mcomie 

Sub-titled A comparative study of the American, British, Dutch and Russian naval expeditions to compel the Tokugawa shogunate to conclude treaties and open ports to their ships, this highly informed and widely researched study provides for the first time a more complete picture of the competition and cooperation, distrust and open hostility of the four protagonists involved in this joint Western enterprise. In 1852, the news of the US government’s plan to send a large naval expedition to Japan to demand the opening of its ports to American ships excited public interest and elicited differing responses among the European powers. For Russia, Japan was a neighbouring empire to whose ports it had itself long sought access; now, its jealousy aroused, and its own strategic interests seemingly under threat, Russia could not permit the United States to possibly exclude it from Japanese ports. In the wake of the Opium war, the Dutch king had urged the shogun to peacefully open its ports to the other Western powers; now the king and his ministers feared that the US expedition would take an overly aggressive approach that might involve the Netherlands in a war with Japan. Having previously opened Chinese ports to the West, Britain was occupied there, and willing to take ‘a wait and see’ attitude, temporarily conceding a leading role to the United States in Japan. (France had also previously made approaches to Japan, and in case of a successful outcome, would not lag far behind in sending its own warships to make arrangements with Japan.) Thus, the stage was set for the race between America and Russia to open ‘Closed Japan’ and the surrounding seas, while the Netherlands worked quietly behind the scenes, and Britain and France waited in the wings. This volume documents in detail the plans and outcomes of each of the four powers’ negotiations with Japan, lists the clauses of the resulting treaties and offers a comparative analysis of their merits and demerits; at the same time it provides a fascinating commentary on the way business was done by the Japanese with each country and its representatives.

Table of contents:

1. Japan’s Relations with the Western World until 1839
2. Knocking on Japan’s locked Doors, 1840-52
3. Who will open Japan? The Contest Begins, 1852-53
4. Ten Days that shook Japan: The Americans’ first Visit, 8-17 July 1853
5. Black Ships Revisited: The Russians in Nagasaki in 1854
6. Interlude on the China Coast and Ryukyu
7. Neighbourly Relations: The Recognition of Changing Times
8. The Commodore Returns: Threats, Treats and a Treaty
9. Testing the Treaty in the Opened Ports
10. The Dutch, British, Russians (and Americans) in ‘opened’ Japan
11. Days of Ennui and Disappointment: The Russians and Americans in Heda and Shimoda, February to Decemeber 1855
12. A Gathering of Forces: British, French, Russian and Dutch
13. The First Four Treaties Compared
14. Retrospect and Prospect

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Tags: William Mcomie, Opening, Japan, 1853, 1855, Comparative, Study, American, British, Dutch, Russian, Naval, Expeditions, Tokugawa, Shogunate, Treaties, Ports