Biological Psychology 12th Edition by James W Kalat ISBN 1305105400 9781305105409

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ISBN 10: 1305105400 
ISBN 13: 9781305105409
Author: James W Kalat

Biological Psychology 12th Table of contents:

1. Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
Module 1.1. The Cells of the Nervous System
Neurons and Glia
Santiago Ramón y Cajal, a Pioneer of Neuroscience
The Structures of an Animal Cell
The Structure of a Neuron
Variations among Neurons
Glia
The Blood–Brain Barrier
Why We Need a Blood–Brain Barrier
How the Blood–Brain Barrier Works
Nourishment of Vertebrate Neurons
Neurons
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 1.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 1.2. The Nerve Impulse
The Resting Potential of the Neuron
Forces Acting on Sodium and Potassium Ions
Why a Resting Potential?
The Action Potential
The Molecular Basis of the Action Potential
The All-or-None Law
The Refractory Period
Propagation of the Action Potential
The Myelin Sheath and Saltatory Conduction
Local Neurons
Neurons and Messages
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 1.2. End of Module Quiz
2. Synapses
Module 2.1. The Concept of the Synapse
Properties of Synapses
Speed of a Reflex and Delayed Transmission at the Synapse
Temporal Summation
Spatial Summation
Inhibitory Synapses
Relationship among EPSP, IPSP, and Action Potentials
The Neuron as Decision Maker
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 2.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 2.2. Chemical Events at the Synapse
The Discovery of Chemical Transmission at Synapses
The Sequence of Chemical Events at a Synapse
Types of Neurotransmitters
Synthesis of Transmitters
Storage of Transmitters
Release and Diffusion of Transmitters
Activating Receptors of the Postsynaptic Cell
Ionotropic Effects
Metabotropic Effects and Second Messenger Systems
Neuropeptides
Variation in Receptors
Drugs that Act by Binding to Receptors
Inactivation and Reuptake of Neurotransmitters
Negative Feedback from the Postsynaptic Cell
Electrical Synapses
Hormones
Neurotransmitters and Behavior
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 2.2. End of Module Quiz
Suggestion for Further Reading
3. Anatomy and Research Methods
Module 3.1. Structure of the Vertebrate Nervous System
Terminology to Describe the Nervous System
The Spinal Cord
The Autonomic Nervous System
The Hindbrain
The Midbrain
The Forebrain
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Basal Ganglia
Basal Forebrain
Hippocampus
The Ventricles
Learning Neuroanatomy
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 3.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 3.2. The Cerebral Cortex
Organization of the Cerebral Cortex
The Occipital Lobe
The Parietal Lobe
The Temporal Lobe
The Frontal Lobe
The Rise and Fall of Prefrontal Lobotomies
Functions of the Prefrontal Cortex
How Do the Parts Work Together?
Functions of the Cerebral Cortex
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 3.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 3.3. Research Methods
Effects of Brain Damage
Effects of Brain Stimulation
Recording Brain Activity
Correlating Brain Anatomy with Behavior
Brain Size and Intelligence
Comparisons across Species
Comparisons among Humans
Comparisons of Men and Women
Research Methods and Progress
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 3.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
4. Genetics, Evolution, Development and Plasticity
Module 4.1. Genetics and Evolution of Behavior
Mendelian Genetics
Sex-Linked and Sex-Limited Genes
Genetic Changes
Epigenetics
Heredity and Environment
Environmental Modification
How Genes Affect Behavior
The Evolution of Behavior
Common Misunderstandings about Evolution
Brain Evolution
Evolutionary Psychology
Genes and Behavior
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 4.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 4.2. Development of the Brain
Maturation of the Vertebrate Brain
Growth and Development of Neurons
New Neurons Later in Life
Pathfinding by Axons
Chemical Pathfinding by Axons
Competition among Axons as a General Principle
Determinants of Neuronal Survival
The Vulnerable Developing Brain
Differentiation of the Cortex
Fine-Tuning by Experience
Experience and Dendritic Branching
Effects of Special Experiences
Brain Development and Behavioral Development
Adolescence
Old Age
Brain Development
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 4.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 4.3. Plasticity after Brain Damage
Brain Damage and Short-Term Recovery
Reducing the Harm from a Stroke
Later Mechanisms of Recovery
Increased Brain Stimulation
Regrowth of Axons
Axon Sprouting
Denervation Supersensitivity
Reorganized Sensory Representations and the Phantom Limb
Learned Adjustments in Behavior
Brain Damage and Recovery
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 4.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
5. Vision
Module 5.1. Visual Coding
General Principles of Perception
The Eye and Its Connections to the Brain
Route within the Retina
Fovea and Periphery of the Retina
Visual Receptors: Rods and Cones
Color Vision
The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) Theory
The Opponent-Process Theory
The Retinex Theory
Color Vision Deficiency
Visual Receptors
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 5.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 5.2. How the Brain Processes Visual Information
An Overview of the Mammalian Visual System
Processing in the Retina
Further Processing
The Primary Visual Cortex
Simple and Complex Receptive Fields
The Columnar Organization of the Visual Cortex
Are Visual Cortex Cells Feature Detectors?
Development of the Visual Cortex
Deprived Experience in One Eye
Deprived Experience in Both Eyes
Uncorrelated Stimulation in the Two Eyes
Early Exposure to a Limited Array of Patterns
Impaired Infant Vision and Long-Term Consequences
Understanding Vision by Understanding the Wiring Diagram
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 5.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 5.3. Parallel Processing in the Visual Cortex
The Ventral and Dorsal Paths
Detailed Analysis of Shape
The Inferior Temporal Cortex
Recognizing Faces
Color Perception
Motion Perception
The Middle Temporal Cortex
Motion Blindness
Aspects of Vision
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 5.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
6. Other Sensory Systems
Module 6.1. Audition
Sound and the Ear
Physics and Psychology of Sound
Structures of the Ear
Pitch Perception
The Auditory Cortex
Hearing Loss
Deafness
Hearing, Attention, and Old Age
Sound Localization
Functions of Hearing
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 6.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 6.2. The Mechanical Senses
Vestibular Sensation
Somatosensation
Somatosensory Receptors
Tickle
Somatosensation in the Central Nervous System
Pain
Stimuli and Spinal Cord Paths
Emotional Pain
Ways of Relieving Pain
Sensitization of Pain
Itch
The Mechanical Senses
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 6.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 6.3. The Chemical Senses
Chemical Coding
Taste
Taste Receptors
How Many Kinds of Taste Receptors?
Mechanisms of Taste Receptors
Taste Coding in the Brain
Variations in Taste Sensitivity
Olfaction
Olfactory Receptors
Implications for Coding
Messages to the Brain
Individual Differences
Pheromones
Synesthesia
Senses as Ways of Knowing the World
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 6.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
7. Movement
Module 7.1. The Control of Movement
Muscles and Their Movements
Fast and Slow Muscles
Muscle Control by Proprioceptors
Units of Movement
Voluntary and Involuntary Movements
Movements Varying in Sensitivity to Feedback
Sequences of Behaviors
Categories of Movement
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 7.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 7.2. Brain Mechanisms of Movement
The Cerebral Cortex
Planning a Movement
Inhibiting a Movement
Mirror Neurons
Connections from the Brain to the Spinal Cord
The Cerebellum
Functions other than Movement
Cellular Organization
The Basal Ganglia
Brain Areas and Motor Learning
Conscious Decisions and Movement
Movement Control and Cognition
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 7.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 7.3. Movement Disorders
Parkinson’s Disease
Causes
L-Dopa Treatment
Other Therapies
Huntington’s Disease
Heredity and Presymptomatic Testing
Heredity and Environment in Movement Disorders
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 7.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
8. Wakefulness and Sleep
Module 8.1. Rhythms of Waking and Sleeping
Endogenous Rhythms
Setting and Resetting the Biological Clock
Jet Lag
Shift Work
Morning People and Evening People
Mechanisms of the Biological Clock
The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
How Light Resets the SCN
The Biochemistry of the Circadian Rhythm
Melatonin
Sleep–Wake Cycles
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 8.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 8.2. Stages of Sleep and Brain Mechanisms
Sleep and Other Interruptions of Consciousness
The Stages of Sleep
Paradoxical or REM Sleep
Brain Mechanisms of Wakefulness, Arousal, and Sleep
Brain Structures of Arousal and Attention
Sleep and the Inhibition of Brain Activity
Brain Function in REM Sleep
Sleep Disorders
Sleep Apnea
Narcolepsy
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
REM Behavior Disorder
Night Terrors and Sleepwalking
Stages of Sleep
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 8.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 8.3. Why Sleep? Why REM? Why Dreams?
Functions of Sleep
Sleep and Energy Conservation
Analogous to Sleep: Hibernation
Species Differences in Sleep
Sleep and Memory
Functions of REM Sleep
Biological Perspectives on Dreaming
The Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
The Clinico-Anatomical Hypothesis
Our Limited Self-Understanding
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 8.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
9. Internal Regulation
Module 9.1. Temperature Regulation
Homeostasis and Allostasis
Controlling Body Temperature
Surviving in Extreme Cold
The Advantages of Constant High Body Temperature
Brain Mechanisms
Fever
Combining Physiological and Behavioral Mechanisms
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 9.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 9.2. Thirst
Mechanisms of Water Regulation
Osmotic Thirst
Hypovolemic Thirst and Sodium-Specific Hunger
The Psychology and Biology of Thirst
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 9.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 9.3. Hunger
Digestion and Food Selection
Consumption of Dairy Products
Food Selection and Behavior
Short- and Long-Term Regulation of Feeding
Oral Factors
The Stomach and Intestines
Glucose, Insulin, and Glucagon
Leptin
Brain Mechanisms
The Arcuate Nucleus and Paraventricular Hypothalamus
The Lateral Hypothalamus
Medial Areas of the Hypothalamus
Eating Disorders
Genetics and Body Weight
Weight Loss
Bulimia Nervosa
The Multiple Controls of Hunger
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 9.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
10. Reproductive Behaviors
Module 10.1. Sex and Hormones
Organizing Effects of Sex Hormones
Sex Differences in the Hypothalamus
Sex Differences in Childhood Behavior
Activating Effects of Sex Hormones
Males
Females
Effects of Sex Hormones on Nonsexual Characteristics
Parental Behavior
Reproductive Behaviors and Motivations
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 10.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 10.2. Variations in Sexual Behavior
Evolutionary Interpretations of Mating Behavior
Interest in Multiple Mates
What Men and Women Seek in a Mate
Differences in Jealousy
Evolved or Learned?
Gender Identity and Gender-Differentiated Behaviors
Intersexes
Interests and Preferences of CAH Girls
Testicular Feminization
Issues of Gender Assignment and Rearing
Discrepancies of Sexual Appearance
Sexual Orientation
Behavioral and Anatomical Differences
Genetics
An Evolutionary Question
Prenatal Influences
Brain Anatomy
We Are Not All the Same
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question
Module 10.2. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
11. Emotional Behaviors
Module 11.1. What Is Emotion?
Emotions and Autonomic Arousal
Is Physiological Arousal Necessary for Emotional Feelings?
Is Physiological Arousal Sufficient for Emotions?
Is Emotion a Useful Concept?
Do People Have a Limited Number of Basic Emotions?
The Functions of Emotion
Emotions and Moral Decisions
Decision Making after Brain Damage that Impairs Emotions
Emotions and the Nervous System
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 11.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 11.2. Attack and Escape Behaviors
Attack Behaviors
Effects of Hormones
Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behavior
Heredity and Environment in Violence
Fear and Anxiety
Role of the Amygdala
Studies of Rodents
Studies of Monkeys
Response of the Human Amygdala to Visual Stimuli
Individual Differences in Amygdala Response and Anxiety
Damage to the Human Amygdala
Anxiety Disorders
Relief from Anxiety
Pharmacological Relief
Alcohol as an Anxiety Reducer
Learning to Erase Anxiety
Doing Something about Emotions
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 11.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 11.3. Stress and Health
Stress and the General Adaptation Syndrome
Stress and the Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Cortex Axis
The Immune System
Effects of Stress on the Immune System
Stress Control
Emotions and Body Reactions
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 11.3. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
12. The Biology of Learning and Memory
Module 12.1. Learning, Memory, and Amnesia
Localized Representations of Memory
Lashley’s Search for the Engram
The Modern Search for the Engram
Types of Memory
Short-Term and Long-Term Memory
Our Changing Views of Consolidation
Working Memory
The Hippocampus
People with Hippocampal Damage
Theories of the Function of the Hippocampus
Other Types of Amnesia
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Alzheimer’s Disease
What Patients with Amnesia Teach Us
The Basal Ganglia
Other Brain Areas and Memory
Types of Memory
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Question.
Module 12.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 12.2. Storing Information in the Nervous System
Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines
Learning and the Hebbian Synapse
Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change
Aplysia as an Experimental Animal
Habituation in Aplysia
Sensitization in Aplysia
Long-Term Potentiation in Vertebrates
Biochemical Mechanisms
Improving Memory
The Physiology of Memory
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 12.2. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
13. Cognitive Functions
Module 13.1. Lateralization of Function
The Left and Right Hemispheres
Visual and Auditory Connections to the Hemispheres
The Corpus Callosum and the Split-Brain Operation
Split Hemispheres: Competition and Cooperation
The Right Hemisphere
Hemispheric Specializations in Intact Brains
Development of Lateralization and Handedness
Anatomical Differences between the Hemispheres
Maturation of the Corpus Callosum
Avoiding Overstatements
One Brain, Two Hemispheres
Summary
Key Terms
Module 13.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 13.2. Evolution and Physiology of Language
Nonhuman Precursors of Language
Common Chimpanzees
Bonobos
Nonprimates
How Did Humans Evolve Language?
Language: By-Product of Intelligence, or Specialized Adaptation?
A Sensitive Period for Language Learning
Brain Damage and Language
Broca’s Aphasia (Nonfluent Aphasia)
Wernicke’s Aphasia (Fluent Aphasia)
Music and Language
Dyslexia
Language and the Brain
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 13.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 13.3. Conscious and Unconscious Processes and Attention
The Mind–Brain Relationship
Consciousness of a Stimulus
Experiments Using Masking
Experiments Using Binocular Rivalry
The Fate of an Unattended Stimulus
Consciousness as a Threshold Phenomenon
The Timing of Consciousness
Conscious and Unconscious People
Attention
Brain Areas Controlling Attention
Spatial Neglect
Attending to Attention and Being Conscious of Consciousness
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 13.3. End of Module Quiz
Module 13.4. Social Neuroscience
The Biology of Love
Empathy and Altruism
The Social Brain
Summary
Key Terms
Module 13.4. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading
14. Psychological Disorders
Module 14.1. Substance Abuse and Addiction
Drug Mechanisms
Similarities and Differences among Addictive Substances
Cravings
Tolerance and Withdrawal
Predispositions
Genetic Influences
Environmental Influences
Behavioral Predictors of Abuse
Treatments
Medications to Combat Alcohol Abuse
Medications to Combat Opiate Abuse
In the Experimental Stage
The Psychology and Biology of Addiction
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 14.1. End of Module Quiz
Module 14.2. Mood Disoders
Major Depressive Disorder
Genetics
Abnormalities of Hemispheric Dominance
Antidepressant Drugs
Types of Antidepressants
Why Are Antidepressants Effective?
How Effective Are Antidepressants?
Alternatives to Antidepressant Drugs
Bipolar Disorder
Treatments
Seasonal Affective Disorder
The Biology of Mood Swings
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 14.2. End of Module Quiz
Module 14.3. Schizophrenia
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Demographic Data
Genetics
Family Studies
Adopted Children who Develop Schizophrenia
Efforts to Locate a Gene
The Neurodevelopmental Hypothesis
Prenatal and Neonatal Environment
Mild Brain Abnormalities
Long-Term Course
Early Development and Later Psychopathology
Treatments
Antipsychotic Drugs and Dopamine
Role of Glutamate
Other Medications
Many Remaining Mysteries
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 14.3. End of Module Quiz
Module 14.4. Autism Spectrum Disorders
Symptoms and Characteristics
Genetics and Other Causes
Treatments
Developmental Disorders
Summary
Key Terms
Thought Questions
Module 14.4. End of Module Quiz
Suggestions for Further Reading

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