Epidemiology and Culture 1st Edition by James Trostle ISBN 9780511110009 0511110006

1 Introduction

I. Patterns of Disease and Patterns of Culture

II. Epidemiology and Medical Anthropology

III. An Integrated Cultural-Epidemiological Approach

A. A Cultural Epidemiological Study of Epilepsy

B. A Cultural-Epidemiological Study of Ataques de Nervios

FOR FURTHER READING

2 The Origins of an Integrated Approach in Anthropology and Epidemiology

I. Scientific Attention to the Social Environment in the Nineteenth Century

A. Early Uses of Fieldwork in Epidemiology

B. Social Causes of Disease and Death

II. Epidemiology and Medical Anthropology in Collaboration

A. Returning to Social Medicine: A South African Experiment

B. The Human Resources and Intellectual Legacy of the IFCH

C. From Practice to Process: Unpacking the Social and Cultural Environment

D. Redefining the Social Environment through Medical Ecology

E. The Social Environment and Mental Health

III. Continuity and Change in Twenty-First-Century Projects Integrating Anthropology and Epidemiolog

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3 Disease Patterns and Assumptions: Unpacking Variables

I. The Origins and Meanings of Disease-Pattern Categories

A. Mixing Person, Place, and Time: Modernization, Cultural Consonance, and Blood Pressure

B. Connecting Person, Place, and Time: Disease Clusters

II. Assumptions about Defining and Measuring Variables

III. Aspects of the Category Person

A. Status, Sex, Age, and Accident Mortality

B. National Assumptions about Social Worth: Vital Statistics

C. Race as a Cultural Category and as a Risk Factor for Ill Health

MEASURING IDENTITY AND ORIGIN

D. Determining Who and What Gets Counted

IV. Aspects of Place

A. Through What Social and Cultural Pathways Does Place Influence Health?

V. Aspects of Time

A. Through What Social and Cultural Pathways Does Time Influence Health?

OTHER CONNECTIONS BETWEEN TIME AND HEALTH

VI. Conclusion

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4 Cultural Issues in Measurement and Bias

I. Introduction

A. Developing Ethnographically Sensitive Vital Statistics: Measuring Infant and Child Mortality in B

II. Bias in Epidemiology and Its Anthropological Counterparts

A. Selection Bias and the Ecology of Medical Care

B. Other Sources of Bias in Epidemiological Research

III. Data Collection as Social Exchange

A. Are Interviews the Best Way to Measure Sensitive Behaviors? Asking about Hygiene Behaviors in Ban

B. Sensitivity of Topic and of Interviewer Influence on Respondent Accuracy: The World Fertility Sur

IV. Data Collection and the Challenges of Human Attention

A. Sensitivity of Topic, Understanding of Question, and Biomedical versus Public Standards: Are You

V. Social and Cultural Aspects of Clinical Trials as a Form of Data Collection

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5 Anthropological Contributions to the Study of Cholera

I. The Pervasiveness of Diarrhea: Implications for Epidemiology

II. Cholera: The So-Called Natural History of a Diarrheal Disease

III. Cholera in Latin America: A Sociocultural History of Disease

A. The Phase of Ecological Susceptibility: Why Did Cholera Return?

B. The Phase of Individual and Social Risk

1. MEASURES OF RISK

2. THE DESCRIPTION AND USE OF THE CASE FATALITY RATE

3. COUNTING CHOLERA FATALITIES IN VENEZUELA

4. THE MEANINH OF CHOLERA FATALITY RATES

C. Care-Seeking: How Health Institutions and the Populace Responded to the Cholera Epidemic

D. Recovery or Recrimination?

IV. Conclusion: Is Cholera a Signpost?

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6 Anthropological and Epidemiological Collaboration to Help Communities Become Healthier

I. Introduction

A. Educational Interventions

B. Managerial and Administrative Interventions

C. Legislative Interventions

D. Environmental Interventions

E. Other Intervention Categories

II. The Community in Public Health Interventions

A. The Difference between Intervening with Individuals and Populations

B. How Community Changes Influence Individual Changes

III. Anthropological Participation in Population Interventions

A. Designing a Provider Intervention in Brazil

B. Designing a Household Intervention in Bangladesh

C. Interventions and Authority

IV. The Tools of Intervention Research: An Anthropological Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

A. How Patient and Physician Expectations Influence the Conduct of Randomized Controlled Trials

B. Why RCT Designs Limit Intervention Possibilities

V. Conclusion

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7 Perceiving and Representing Risk

I. Popular and Professional Ideas about Risk

Popular and Lay Epidemiology

An Example of Community-Controlled epidemiology in Canada

An Example of the Epidemiology of Local Knowledge in Mexico

Implications of Popular and Lay Epidemiology for Practice

II. Communicating about Risk, Menace, and Safety

Anthropological Offerings

How Epidemiologists Create Epidemics and Other Reactions

III. A Few Lessons and Opportunities

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8 Conclusion

I. Epidemiology, Proof and Judgment

II. Conclusions about Defining Disciplines: Defended Border versus Semi-permeable Membrane

References

Index