Contemporary Australian Tort Law 1st Edition by Joanna Kyriakakis, Tina Popa, Francine Rochford, Natalia Szablewska, Xiaobo Zhao, Jason Taliadoros, Darren O Donovan, Lowell Bautista ISBN 1108626254 9781108626255

Contemporary Australian Tort Law 1st Edition by Joanna Kyriakakis, Tina Popa, Francine Rochford, Natalia Szablewska, Xiaobo Zhao, Jason Taliadoros, Darren O’Donovan, Lowell Bautista – Ebook PDF Instant Download/Delivery: 1108626254, 9781108626255
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ISBN 10: 1108626254
ISBN 13: 9781108626255
Author: Joanna Kyriakakis, Tina Popa, Francine Rochford, Natalia Szablewska, Xiaobo Zhao, Jason Taliadoros, Darren O’Donovan, Lowell Bautista

Contemporary Australian Tort Law 1st Table of contents:

Chapter 1 Introduction to the law of torts
Contents
1.1 Introduction and purpose of tort law
1.1.1 What is tort law?
1.1.1.1 Purpose of tort law
1.1.2 Theories of tort law
1.1.2.1 Corrective and distributive justice and economic efficiency
1.1.2.2 Feminist critiques
1.1.3 Tort law and human rights
1.1.4 Overview of intentional torts
1.1.5 Overview of negligence
1.1.6 Tort law and the Stolen Generations litigation
1.1.6.1 Litigation
Kruger v Commonwealth
Cubillo v Commonwealth
Williams v Minister, Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983
Johnson v Department of Community Services
Trevorrow v South Australia
Collard v Western Australia (No 4)
1.1.6.2 Compensation and reparation
1.1.7 Litigating a tort claim
1.1.7.1 Procedure
1.1.7.2 Proof
1.1.7.3 Time limitations
1.1.7.4 Uninsured defendant
1.2 Civil liability reforms
1.2.1 Background to the reforms
1.2.2 Overview of the key amendments
1.2.3 Response to the reforms
1.2.4 Effects of the reforms
1.3 Australian statutory compensation schemes
1.3.1 Transport accident compensation
1.3.2 Workers compensation
1.3.3 National Disability Insurance Scheme
1.3.4 Victims of crime compensation schemes
1.4 International compensation schemes
1.4.1 No-fault schemes
1.4.1.1 New Zealand
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 2 Duty of care
Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Duty of care: general principles
2.2.1 The ‘neighbour’ principle
2.2.2 The rise and fall of ‘proximity’
2.2.3 The current law
2.3 Duty of care: established categories
2.3.1 Manufacturer–consumer
2.3.2 Employer–employee and master–servant
2.3.3 Occupier–entrant
2.3.4 Doctor–patient
2.3.5 Teacher–pupil and school authority–pupil
2.3.6 Duty owed to a rescuer
2.3.7 Users of the highway
2.4 Duty of care in the novel case
2.4.1 Identifying risk: what is foreseeable?
2.4.2 ‘Salient features’ or the ‘multi-factorial’ approach
2.4.2.1 Foreseeability
2.4.2.2 Plaintiff’s harm
2.4.2.3 Control
2.4.2.4 Vulnerability
2.4.2.5 Reliance
2.4.2.6 Assumption of responsibility
2.4.2.7 Proximity
2.4.2.8 Category of relationship
2.4.2.9 Nature of the activity
2.4.2.10 Nature or degree of danger or hazard
2.4.2.11 Knowledge that the conduct will cause harm
2.4.2.12 Potential indeterminacy of liability
2.4.2.13 Avoidance of harm
2.4.2.14 Effect on autonomy or freedom
2.4.2.15 Conflicting duties
2.4.2.16 Consistency with statute
2.4.2.17 Conformance and coherence of structure and fabric of common law
2.5 Special duty relationships
2.5.1 Duty to prevent psychological injury (‘mental harm’)
2.5.1.1 What is mental harm?
2.5.1.2 Policy factors in mental harm cases
The potential range of liability
Potential disproportionality of liability
Proof or evidence
2.5.1.3 Early decisions
2.5.1.4 Development of liability
2.5.2 Duty to prevent pure economic loss
2.5.2.1 The difference between pure and consequential economic loss
2.5.2.2 Pure economic loss due to negligent misstatement
2.5.2.3 Pure economic loss due to other factors
2.5.3 Special defendants: occupiers
2.5.3.1 Meaning of occupier
2.5.3.2 Early law: categories of entrant
2.5.3.3 Modern law
2.5.4 Special defendants: public authorities
2.5.4.1 Interpretation of the relevant statute
2.5.4.2 Common law duty of care
2.5.5 Special defendants: a duty to control others
2.5.5.1 When does a duty to control others arise?
Where a special relationship exists
Where some other factor exists
2.5.6 Non-delegable duties
2.5.6.1 Occupier and entrant
2.5.6.2 Independent contractors
2.5.6.3 Employer and employee
2.5.6.4 School authorities
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 3 Breach of duty of care
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 What is negligent conduct?
3.1.2 No degrees of breach
3.1.3 Relevance of past findings of breach
3.1.4 Importance of the civil liability legislation
3.2 Setting the standard of care: the reasonable person
3.2.1 An objective standard
3.2.2 Relevant characteristics of the defendant
3.2.2.1 Age
3.2.2.2 Physical and mental impairment
3.2.2.3 Intoxication
3.2.2.4 Possession of special skills
3.2.2.5 Experience
3.2.2.6 Status of professionals
3.2.2.7 Public authorities
3.2.3 Time of assessment
3.3 Applying the standard of care: demonstrating breach
3.3.1 Reasonable foreseeability
3.3.2 ‘Not insignificant’ risk
3.3.3 The negligence calculus
3.3.3.1 Probability
3.3.3.2 Seriousness
3.3.3.3 Burden of taking precautions
3.3.3.4 Social utility
3.3.3.5 Legislative standards
3.3.3.6 Common practice
3.3.4 Failure to warn
3.4 Proving breach
3.4.1 The use of inference in negligence law
3.4.2 Evidential considerations
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercises
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Challenge yourself
Exercise 1
Exercise 2
Chapter 4 Damage: Factual causation and scope of liability
Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The kind of damage recognised by law
4.1.2 The ‘loss of a chance’ in medical negligence
4.1.2.1 The wrongful birth cases
4.1.2.2 The wrongful life cases
4.1.2.3 The wrongful death cases
4.2 Factual causation
4.2.1 Onus and standard of proof
4.2.1.1 The maxim res ipsa loquitur
4.2.2 Civil liability legislation
4.2.2.1 The ‘necessary condition’ test
4.2.3 Common law (historical overview and interpretive framework)
4.2.3.1 The ‘but for’ test
4.2.3.2 The ‘commonsense’ test
4.2.3.3 The ‘material contribution’ test (cases of cumulatively caused injury)
4.3 Scope of liability
4.3.1 Remoteness of damage
4.3.1.1 The reasonable foreseeability test
4.3.1.2 The ‘eggshell skull’ principle
4.3.2 The chain of causation and intervening causes
4.3.2.1 Breaking the chain of causation
4.3.2.2 Voluntary human action
4.3.2.3 Causally independent events
4.3.2.4 Successive causes leading to a similar damage
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 5 Defences to negligence
Contents
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Contributory negligence
5.2.1 Definitions and rationale
5.2.2 The standard of care for contributory negligence
5.2.2.1 General rule
5.2.2.2 Children
5.2.2.3 Plaintiffs with disabilities
5.2.2.4 Intoxication
5.2.2.5 Employees
5.2.3 Causation
5.2.4 Apportionment
5.3 Voluntary assumption of risk
5.3.1 Definitions and rationale
5.3.2 Knowledge of risk
5.3.2.1 Obvious risks
5.3.2.2 Unavoidable risks
5.3.3 Appreciation of the risk of injury
5.3.4 Voluntary acceptance of risk
5.4 Illegality
5.4.1 Is illegality a defence?
5.4.2 The common law position
5.4.3 State legislative variations
5.5 Other defences
5.5.1 Limitation of actions
5.5.2 Good Samaritans and volunteers
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 6 Trespass to the person
Contents
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Historical origins of trespass and relationship with negligence
6.2.1 Trespass
6.2.2 Action on the case
6.2.3 Choosing between trespass and case
6.3 The trespass action
6.3.1 Direct interference
6.3.2 Fault of the defendant
6.3.2.1 Intention
6.3.2.2 Lack of care
6.3.3 Actionable per se
6.3.4 Onus of proof
6.4 Trespass to the person
6.4.1 Battery
6.4.1.1 A positive act
6.4.1.2 Direct application of force
6.4.1.3 Unlawful touching or offensive contact
6.4.1.4 Fault of the defendant
6.4.2 Assault
6.4.2.1 Threat of imminent harmful or offensive contact
Harmful nature of the threat
Imminent harmful contact
Mere words
Conditional threat
6.4.2.2 Reasonable apprehension
Apprehension
Reasonableness of the apprehension
Apprehension not fear
6.4.2.3 Subjective intention
6.4.3 False imprisonment
6.4.3.1 Direct interference
6.4.3.2 Restraint in all directions
No reasonable means to escape
Physical restraint not necessary
Knowledge of the restraint
6.4.3.3 The defendant at fault
6.5 Remedies for trespass to the person
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 7 Trespass to land and trespass to personal property
Contents
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Trespass to land
7.2.1 Defining trespass to land
7.2.2 Title to sue: possession
7.2.2.1 Plaintiff’s interest
7.2.2.2 Tenants and lessors
7.2.2.3 Licensees
7.2.2.4 Easements and profit à prendre
7.2.2.5 Co-owners
7.2.3 Actionable interferences
7.2.3.1 Direct interference
7.2.3.2 Interference with land
Airspace
Subsoil
7.2.4 Interference without lawful justification
7.2.4.1 Express licence
7.2.4.2 Implied licence
7.2.4.3 Exceeding the licence
7.2.4.4 Revocation or withdrawal of licence
7.2.4.5 Authorised by law
7.2.4.6 Trespass ab initio
7.2.4.7 Continuing trespass
7.2.5 Fault
7.3 Trespass to personal property
7.3.1 Trespass to goods
7.3.1.1 Title to sue
7.3.1.2 Bailment exception
7.3.1.3 Direct interference
7.3.1.4 Fault
7.3.2 Conversion
7.3.2.1 Title to sue
Owner
Bailees and bailors
Co-owners
Finders
7.3.2.2 Repugnant dealing
Wrongful use
Wrongful taking or dispossessing
Wrongful destruction or alteration
Wrongful disposition (sale and delivery)
Wrongful delivery
Wrongful detention
7.3.2.3 Fault
7.3.3 Detinue
7.3.3.1 Title to sue
7.3.3.2 Demand and refusal
7.3.3.3 Fault
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 8 Defences to and remedies for trespass
Contents
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Defences to trespass
8.2.1 Self-defence
8.2.2 Defence of another
8.2.3 Defence of property
8.2.4 Necessity
8.2.4.1 Imminent danger
8.2.4.2 Reasonable necessity
8.2.4.3 Imminent danger not due to the defendant’s fault
8.2.4.4 Proportionate to the danger to be avoided
8.2.5 Abatement
8.2.5.1 Recaption of goods
8.2.5.2 Re-entry of land
8.2.5.3 Abatement of nuisance
8.2.6 Consent
8.2.6.1 Express or implied consent
Express consent
Implied consent
8.2.6.2 Real and voluntarily given
8.2.6.3 Capacity to consent
8.2.6.4 Revocation and expiration of consent
8.2.6.5 Scope of consent
8.2.7 Disciplinary powers
8.2.8 Inevitable accident
8.2.9 Non-defences
8.2.9.1 Provocation
8.2.9.2 Mistake
8.2.9.3 Contributory negligence
8.2.9.4 Incapacity
8.3 Remedies for trespass
8.3.1 Remedies for trespass to the person
8.3.1.1 Nominal damages
8.3.1.2 Compensatory damages
8.3.1.3 Aggravated damages
8.3.1.4 Exemplary damages
8.3.1.5 Injunctions
8.3.2 Remedies for trespass to land
8.3.2.1 Nominal damages
8.3.2.2 Compensatory damages
8.3.2.3 Aggravated damages
8.3.2.4 Exemplary damages
8.3.2.5 Injunctions
8.3.2.6 Self-help
8.3.2.7 Mesne profits
8.3.3 Remedies for trespass to personal property
8.3.3.1 Remedies for trespass to goods
8.3.3.2 Remedies for conversion
8.3.3.3 Remedies for detinue
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 9 Nuisance
Contents
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Private nuisance: interference with the use and enjoyment of land
9.2 Unreasonable interference
9.2.1 Type of damage
9.2.1.1 Physical: material damage
9.2.1.2 Non-physical: interference with use and enjoyment of land
9.2.2 The principle of triviality
9.2.3 Locality
9.2.4 Intensity, time and duration
9.2.5 The sensitive plaintiff
9.2.6 The nature of the defendant’s activity and the public interest
9.2.7 Practicality of avoiding interference
9.2.8 Malice
9.2.9 An ultimate question of fact
9.3 Who can sue?
9.4 Who can be sued?
9.4.1 Creators of a nuisance
9.4.2 Authorisation of a nuisance
9.4.3 Adopting or continuing a nuisance
9.5 Unprotected interests
9.5.1 The right of support
9.5.2 The right to a view and aesthetic appearance
9.5.3 The right of privacy
9.6 Defences
9.6.1 Prescription
9.6.2 Statutory authorisation
9.6.3 Non-defences
9.6.3.1 Coming to the nuisance
9.6.3.2 Nuisance due to numerous independent acts
9.7 Remoteness of damage
9.8 Relationship with other torts
9.8.1 Private nuisance and public nuisance
9.8.2 Private nuisance and negligence
9.8.3 Nuisance and trespass to land
9.9 Public nuisance
9.9.1 Unreasonable and substantial interference
9.9.2 Special or particular damage
9.9.3 Conclusion
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 10 Vicarious liability and non-delegable duty
Contents
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Vicarious liability
10.2.1 The ‘agency’ theory of vicarious liability
10.2.2 Vicarious liability in the employment context
10.2.2.1 The master–servant theory
10.2.2.2 Establishing an employer–employee relationship
The control test
The enterprise (integration) test
The multifactorial test
10.2.3 Acting in the course (scope) of employment
10.2.3.1 Establishing the scope of employment
10.2.4 Exception to employer’s vicarious liability
10.2.5 Employer’s right of indemnity
10.3 Non-delegable duty
10.3.1 Special relationships
10.3.1.1 Hospitals
10.3.1.2 Schools
10.3.1.3 Occupiers of premises
10.3.1.4 Places of employment
10.3.1.5 Prisons and detention facilities
10.4 Cases on the non-delegable duty of care and vicarious liability
10.4.1 Legal liability of an employer for acts of sexual abuse committed by an employee
10.4.1.1 Non-delegable duty
10.4.1.2 Vicarious liability
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 11 Defamation
Contents
11.1 Introduction and purpose of defamation laws
11.1.1 What is defamation?
11.1.2 Purpose of defamation law
11.1.3 Background to the uniform defamation legislation
11.1.4 Existing defamation legislative frameworks
11.1.5 Common law and legislative frameworks
11.2 Elements of defamation
11.2.1 Does the matter contain a defamatory imputation?
11.2.1.1 Definition of ‘matter’
11.2.1.2 Defamatory imputations
11.2.1.3 True and false innuendo
11.2.1.4 Definition of ‘defamatory’
11.2.2 Does the matter identify the plaintiff?
11.2.2.1 Express identification of plaintiff
11.2.2.2 Reasonable to identify plaintiff
11.2.3 Has the statement been published?
11.2.3.1 Definition and interpretation of ‘publication’
11.2.4 Standing to sue
11.3 Defences
11.3.1 Justification
11.3.2 Contextual truth
11.3.3 Absolute privilege
11.3.4 Publication of public documents
11.3.5 Fair report of proceedings of public concern
11.3.6 Qualified privilege
11.3.7 Honest opinion
11.3.8 Innocent dissemination
11.3.9 Triviality
11.4 Remedies
11.4.1 Damages
11.4.1.1 Economic loss
11.4.1.2 Non-economic loss
11.4.1.3 Aggravated damages
11.4.1.4 Exemplary damages prohibited
11.4.2 Injunction
11.4.3 Role of apology
11.5 Defamation and social media
11.5.1 Introduction to defamation and the internet
11.5.2 Liability of anonymous users
11.5.3 Liability of intermediaries
11.6 Privacy and breach of confidentiality
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 12 Remedies
Contents
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Self-help remedies
12.2.1 Eviction of trespassers and protection of land and goods from trespassers
12.2.2 Self-defence of the person
12.2.2.1 Elements of self-defence
12.2.2.2 Reasonable need to protect oneself
12.2.2.3 Force used was reasonable
12.2.3 Recaption, replevin and specific restitution
12.2.3.1 Recaption
12.2.3.2 Replevin
12.2.3.3 Specific restitution
12.2.4 Abatement of nuisance
12.3 Damages
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.1.1 ‘Damage’ and ‘damages’
12.3.1.2 ‘Special’ and ‘general’ damages
12.3.1.3 Damages ‘at large’ (aggravated damages)
12.3.2 Types of damages
12.3.2.1 Compensatory damages
12.3.2.2 Nominal damages
12.3.2.3 Contemptuous damages
12.3.2.4 Vindicatory damages
12.3.2.5 Restitutionary damages
12.3.2.6 Aggravated damages
Aggravated damages awarded for intentional torts
Aggravated damages awarded for negligence?
Aggravated damages limited by civil liability legislation
12.3.2.7 Exemplary damages
Exemplary damages awarded for intentional torts
Exemplary damages awarded for negligence?
Exemplary damages limited by civil liability legislation and other statutory limitations
What is the situation if criminal punishment has already been imposed on the defendant?
Examples of exemplary damages awards
12.3.3 Compensatory damages for property damage
12.3.3.1 Cost of repair or diminished value?
Cost of repairs not paid for by the plaintiff
Replacement costs
Betterment
Consequential loss
12.3.4 Restitutionary damages for property damage
12.3.5 Compensatory damages for personal injury
12.3.5.1 Four basic principles
12.3.5.2 The impact of the civil liability legislation on compensatory damages
12.3.5.3 Heads of damage
12.3.6 Pecuniary damages
12.3.6.1 Loss of earning capacity and loss of earnings
12.3.6.2 Net earnings
12.3.6.3 Assessment period
12.3.6.4 Earnings cap
12.3.6.5 Hospital and medical expenses
12.3.6.6 Gratuitous services provided to the plaintiff
Valuation of gratuitous services
Statutory limitations on gratuitous services
12.3.6.7 Loss of ability of plaintiff to provide gratuitous services to others
Previous position at common law
Present position at common law
Civil liability legislation
12.3.6.8 Deductions or allowances
‘Discount rate’
Contingencies or ‘vicissitudes’
Saved expenditure
Tax to be deducted
Collateral source rule
12.3.7 Non-pecuniary damages
12.3.7.1 Heads of damage
12.3.7.2 Thresholds and caps
12.3.7.3 Method for assessment of damages
12.3.7.4 Pain and suffering
12.3.7.5 Loss of amenities of life
12.3.7.6 Loss of expectation of life
12.3.8 Claims upon the death of a person
12.3.8.1 Claims by the estate of the deceased (survival of causes of action claim)
Damages
12.3.8.2 Claims by the dependants of the deceased (dependants’ action)
Right of action
Causation
Dependants
12.3.8.3 Damages
Pecuniary loss
Non-pecuniary loss
Assessing damages
12.3.9 Other factors affecting the assessment of damages
12.4 Injunctions
12.4.1 Types of injunctions
12.4.2 In what circumstances is an injunction ordered?
12.4.2.1 Is a proprietary interest required?
12.4.2.2 Adequacy of damages as a remedy
12.4.2.3 Rights protected by injunction
Proprietary rights in land
Property rights in goods and funds of money
Economic rights
Bodily integrity
Reputation
12.4.2.4 Quia timet injunctions
12.4.2.5 Discretionary factors and bars to relief
12.4.2.6 Interlocutory injunctions: requirements
12.5 Multiple tortfeasors
12.5.1 Liability
12.5.1.1 Joint tortfeasors versus several tortfeasors
12.5.1.2 Concurrent liability
12.5.1.3 Solidary liability
12.5.1.4 Proportionate liability
12.5.1.5 Joint tortfeasors: what is the effect of judgment and a release?
12.5.1.6 Proportionate liability under legislation
12.5.1.7 Liability of several tortfeasors for distinct damage
12.5.2 Contribution
12.5.2.1 Who may claim contribution?
12.5.2.2 Against whom may contribution be claimed?
12.5.2.3 Assessment of contribution
Key concepts
Problem-solving exercise
Challenge yourself
Chapter 13 Torts arising from statutory duties and powers
Contents
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Action for breach of statutory duty
13.2.1 When will this action be available?
13.2.2 Elements of the action
13.2.2.1 Did Parliament intend to allow an action under the particular statute?
13.2.2.2 Does the plaintiff belong to the class of persons protected by the statute?
13.2.2.3 Does the defendant bear the relevant duty under the statute?
13.2.2.4 Was the duty breached?
13.2.2.5 Does the damage suffered fall within the scope of the statute?
13.2.2.6 Did the breach cause the injury suffered by the plaintiff?
13.2.2.7 Defences
13.3 Misfeasance in public office
13.3.1 A public law tort
13.3.2 Elements of the tort
13.3.2.1 Is the defendant the ‘holder of a public office’?
13.3.2.2 Is the defendant fulfilling a public function?
13.3.2.3 Did the defendant have the requisite intention?
Direct intention or reckless indifference
Malicious intention
13.3.2.4 Did the plaintiff suffer material damage?
13.3.3 Liability of government entities for misfeasance of individuals

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Tags: Joanna Kyriakakis, Tina Popa, Francine Rochford, Natalia Szablewska, Australian Tort Law